斯諾1813年3月15日生于英國約克，1858年6月16日卒于倫敦。1827年當(dāng)外科醫(yī)生的學(xué)徒。1836年起，在倫敦威斯敏斯特醫(yī)院學(xué)習(xí)。1843年獲倫敦大學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位，次年獲博士學(xué)位。 曾為維多利亞女王的私人醫(yī)生。

1846年，乙醚作為一種麻醉劑引入時(shí)，他立刻進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)并基于生理原理為這種藥物的臨床使用發(fā)明了相應(yīng)的裝置，臨床演示成功后得到推廣應(yīng)用。他成為英國最早的麻醉師。1847年J.Y.辛普森建議應(yīng)用氯仿作為麻醉藥后，斯諾為其使用研制了新設(shè)備。

斯諾從1831年從事醫(yī)學(xué)活動(dòng)起就注意對(duì)霍亂的調(diào)查研究。1854年，倫敦霍亂流行。當(dāng)時(shí),許多醫(yī)生相信霍亂和天花是由“瘴氣”或從污水及其他不衛(wèi)生的東西中產(chǎn)生的有害物所引起的。而斯諾通過調(diào)查證明霍亂由被糞便污染的水傳播，他認(rèn)為霍亂是由一種能繁殖的由水傳播的活細(xì)胞所致。他提供了一份流行病學(xué)文件，證明了霍亂的流行來源于百老大街（Broad Street）的水泵。他推薦幾種實(shí)用的預(yù)防措施，如清洗骯臟的衣被，洗手和將水燒開飲用等，效果良好。

約翰·斯諾的代表著作有:《論乙醚》、《論氯仿》、《論霍亂的傳染方式》等。

1844年斯諾獲倫敦大學(xué)博士學(xué)位。1846年后，他積極推進(jìn)了麻醉劑乙醚和氯仿的臨床使用。1854年，倫敦霍亂流行，斯諾通過研究霍亂死者的日常生活情況，尋找到他們的共同行為模式，發(fā)現(xiàn)了霍亂與飲用不潔水的關(guān)系。在他的呼吁下，政府及時(shí)關(guān)閉了不潔水源，有效制止了霍亂的流行。他還推薦了幾種實(shí)用的預(yù)防措施，如清洗骯臟的衣被，洗手和將水燒開飲用等，效果良好。雖然約翰·斯諾沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致霍亂的病原體，但他創(chuàng)造性地使用空間統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)查找到傳染源，并以此證明了這種方法的價(jià)值。今天，繪制地圖已成為醫(yī)學(xué)地理學(xué)及傳染學(xué)中一項(xiàng)基本的研究方法�！彼怪Z的霍亂地圖“成為一個(gè)經(jīng)典案例。

高中教材人教版必修5 unit1（第一單元）教材原文

John snow defeats “king cholera”

John Snow was a famous doctor in London-so expert,indeed,that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician.But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.This was the deadly disease of its day.Neither its cause nor its cure was understood.So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem.He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found.

He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera killed people.The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air.A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims.The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.

John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence.So when another outbreak hit London in 1854,he was ready to begin his enquiry.As the disease spread quickly through poor neighbourhoods,he began to gather information.In two particular streets,the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why.

First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had lived. This gave him a valuableclue about the cause of the disease.Many of the deaths were near the water pump in Broad Street(especially numbers 16,37,38and40).He also noticed that some houses(such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8and 9 Cambridge Street)had had no deaths.He had not foreseen this,so he made further investigations.He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump.It seemed that the water was to blame.

Next,John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets.He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London.He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used.Soon afterwards the disease slowed down.He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas.

In another part of London,he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak.A woman,who had moved away from Broad Street,liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water.With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus.

To prevent this from happening again,John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined.The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more.Finally "King Cholera"was defeated.

翻譯

約翰·斯諾擊敗“霍亂王”
約翰·斯諾是倫敦一位著名的醫(yī)生——他的確醫(yī)術(shù)精湛，因而成為照料維多利亞女王的私人醫(yī)生。但他一想到要幫助那些得了霍亂的普通百姓時(shí)，他就感到很振奮�；魜y在當(dāng)時(shí)是最致命的疾病，人們既不知道它的病源，也不了解它的治療方法。每次霍亂暴發(fā)時(shí)，就有大批驚恐的老百姓死去。約翰·斯洛想面對(duì)這個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)，解決這個(gè)問題。他知道，在找到病源之前，霍亂疫情是無法控制的。
他（約翰·斯諾）對(duì)霍亂致人死地的兩種推測(cè)都很感興趣。第一種看法是霍亂病毒在空氣中繁殖著，像一股危險(xiǎn)的氣體到處漂浮，直到找到病毒的受害者為止。第二種看法是人們?cè)诔燥埖臅r(shí)候把這種病毒引入體內(nèi)的。病從胃里發(fā)作而迅速殃及全身，患者就會(huì)很快地死去。
約翰·斯諾推測(cè)第二種說法是正確的，但他需要證據(jù)。因此，在1854年倫敦再次暴發(fā)霍亂的時(shí)候，約翰·斯洛著手準(zhǔn)備對(duì)此進(jìn)行調(diào)研。當(dāng)霍亂在貧民區(qū)迅速蔓延的時(shí)候，約翰·斯諾就開始收集資料。他發(fā)現(xiàn)特別在兩條街道上霍亂流行的很嚴(yán)重，在10天之內(nèi)就死去了500多人。他決心要查明其原因。
首先，他在一張地圖上標(biāo)明了所有死者住過的地方。這提供了一條說明霍亂起因的很有價(jià)值的線索。許多死者是住在寬街的水泵附近（特別是這條街上16、37、38、40號(hào)）。他還發(fā)現(xiàn)有些住宅（如寬街上20號(hào)和21號(hào)以及劍橋大街上的8號(hào)和9號(hào)）卻無人死亡。他以前沒預(yù)料到這種情況，所以他決定深入調(diào)查。他發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些人都在劍橋街7號(hào)的酒館里打工，而酒館為他們免費(fèi)提供啤酒喝，因此他們沒有喝從寬街水泵抽上來的水�？磥硭�是罪魁禍?zhǔn)住?br>接下來，約翰·斯諾調(diào)查了這兩條街的水源情況。他發(fā)現(xiàn)，水是從河里來的，而河水被倫敦排出的臟水污染了。他馬上叫寬街上驚慌失措的老百姓拆掉水泵的把手。這樣，水泵就用不成了。不久，疫情就開始得到緩解。他證明了霍亂是由病菌而不是由氣團(tuán)傳播的。
在倫敦的另一個(gè)地區(qū)，他從兩個(gè)與寬街暴發(fā)的霍亂有關(guān)聯(lián)的死亡病例中發(fā)現(xiàn)了有力的證據(jù)。有一位婦女是從寬街搬過來的，她特別喜歡那里的水，每天都要派人從水泵打水運(yùn)到家里來。她和她的女兒喝了這種水后，都得了霍亂而死去。有了這個(gè)額外的證據(jù)，約翰·斯洛就能夠肯定地宣布，這種被污染了的水?dāng)y帶著病菌。
為了防止這種情況的再度發(fā)生，約翰·斯諾建議所有水源都要經(jīng)過檢測(cè)。自來水公司也接到指令，不能再讓人們接觸被污染的水了。最終，“霍亂王”被擊敗了。