人物簡介
本·貝南克(Ben S. Bernanke)現(xiàn)任美國聯(lián)邦儲備委員會主席貝南克博士1953年12月出生于佐治亞州奧古斯塔,在南卡羅萊納州狄龍郡長大。1975年他以優(yōu)等生身份獲哈佛大學經(jīng)濟學學士學位,1979年獲麻省理工學院經(jīng)濟學博士學位。2006年2月1日貝南克宣誓成為美國聯(lián)邦儲備委員會主席和聯(lián)儲委員會委員,兼任美聯(lián)儲主要金融決策部門——公開市場委員會主席。貝南克作為聯(lián)儲委員會委員任期為最長的14年,2006年1月31首任期至2010年1月31日,第二任期至2014年1月31日結束。
Before his appointment as Chairman, Dr. Bernanke was Chairman of the President’s Council of Economic Advisers, from June 2005 to January 2006.
Dr. Bernanke has already served the Federal Reserve System in several roles. He was a member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System from 2002 to 2005; a visiting scholar at the Federal Reserve Banks of Philadelphia (1987-89), Boston (1989-90), and New York (1990-91, 1994-96); and a member of the Academic Advisory Panel at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (1990-2002).
From 1994 to 1996, Dr. Bernanke was the Class of 1926 Professor of Economics and Public Affairs at Princeton University. He was the Howard Harrison and Gabrielle Snyder Beck Professor of Economics and Public Affairs and Chair of the Economics Department at the university from 1996 to 2002. Dr. Bernanke had been a Professor of Economics and Public Affairs at Princeton since 1985.
Before arriving at Princeton, Dr. Bernanke was an Associate Professor of Economics (1983-85) and an Assistant Professor of Economics (1979-83) at the Graduate School of Business at Stanford University. His teaching career also included serving as a Visiting Professor of Economics at New York University (1993) and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1989-90).
Dr. Bernanke has published many articles on a wide variety of economic issues, including monetary policy and macroeconomics, and he is the author of several scholarly books and two textbooks. He has held a Guggenheim Fellowship and a Sloan Fellowship, and he is a Fellow of the Econometric Society and of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Dr. Bernanke served as the Director of the Monetary Economics Program of the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) and as a member of the NBER’s Business Cycle Dating Committee. In July 2001, he was appointed Editor of the American Economic Review. Dr. Bernanke’s work with civic and professional groups includes having served two terms as a member of the Montgomery Township (N.J.) Board of Education.
Dr. Bernanke was born in December 1953 in Augusta, Georgia, and grew up in Dillon, South Carolina. He received a B.A. in economics in 1975 from Harvard University (summa cum laude) and a Ph.D. in economics in 1979 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Dr. Bernanke is married and has two children.
任職作為
歷史這一背景至關重要。從2006年開始擔任美聯(lián)儲主席以來,貝南克就顯示出了強烈的獨立性。出于對2007年通脹預期的質疑,他拒絕繼續(xù)上調(diào)利率───事實證明,他是正確的。在2008年危機襲來的時候,他的表現(xiàn)遠遠超出了央行官員的應有水平,他并沒有只是下調(diào)利率,寄希望于低廉的資金能夠有辦法刺激借貸、促進企業(yè)活動并創(chuàng)造出更多的就業(yè)機會。
在大蕭條時期,這種方法就未能奏效。由于社會對產(chǎn)品和服務沒有需求,所以沒人愿意借貸。貝南克明白,充分的信任和美國政府的信譽是救助計劃的關鍵,因此為了重振信譽及信心,他設計出了一套極具開創(chuàng)性的流動性機制。
超過一萬億美元的借貸計劃幫助了陷入危機中的金融企業(yè),尤其是各大銀行。美國政府還收購了通用電氣(General Electric)等工業(yè)企業(yè)的債務,另外,不良抵押資產(chǎn)也被計入了美聯(lián)儲的賬目。美聯(lián)儲的政策穩(wěn)定了抵押貸款、貨幣市場基金、商業(yè)票據(jù)、車貸及學生貸款。貝南克的干預對于紓解恐慌起到了至關重要積極的作用。
如果不是像貝南克那樣清楚地了解上世紀30年代的大蕭條時期,很難想象有哪位美聯(lián)儲主席能夠做到如此大膽。貝南克把美聯(lián)儲的角色轉變成了金融領域勇敢的快速響應者以及積極的市場參與者,而并沒有固守于美聯(lián)儲傳統(tǒng)的控制貨幣供應的職責。他召集了全球各國的央行行長,并敦促他們擴大自己的職能。神奇的是,瘀滯的全球金融系統(tǒng)又煥發(fā)了活力。
貝南克出眾最大的優(yōu)勢來自于他的權威,而他的權威則來自于他的洞察力和他對危機強度的認識。危機爆發(fā)時,華盛頓變得焦頭爛額,奧巴馬在國會也缺乏信任。貝南克這位美聯(lián)儲主席則采取了果斷的行動,支持了一系列具有獨創(chuàng)性的、但并未經(jīng)過檢驗的緊急資金救助手段,幫助了位于危機關口的銀行業(yè)。貝南克用獨特大膽的方式使用了美聯(lián)儲的資產(chǎn)負債表,他不僅購買了短期國債,還購買了長期國債及抵押貸款支持債券,并以此作為控制市場價格、在一段相當長的時期內(nèi)將利率維持在接近于零的水平的方式。他堅定地表示,如果這些措施不再奏效,美聯(lián)儲還有進一步的行動。
在經(jīng)歷了這些困難后,貝南克直言不諱地稱,這些非常規(guī)的政策伴隨著代價和風險。他解釋道,美聯(lián)儲越是不得不維持現(xiàn)有政策,它令全球經(jīng)濟回到正軌就越困難。
直至今日,美聯(lián)儲一直都無法放松其推出的一系列創(chuàng)新政策───而這絕對是有理由的。在本次衰退發(fā)生四年之后,美國的經(jīng)濟增速僅為第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后其他衰退復蘇速度的一半。美國的失業(yè)率仍然居高不下,數(shù)百萬人甚至都放棄了尋找工作的念頭,他們成為了新的“迷茫一代”。美國也未能成功地實現(xiàn)他們所謂的以“逃逸速度”重返穩(wěn)定增長的期望。