中國(guó)重型機(jī)械工業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)大型鑄鍛件分會(huì)理事（2010）；中國(guó)金屬學(xué)會(huì)連鑄理論與新技術(shù)委員會(huì)副主任委員（2007）；中國(guó)系統(tǒng)仿真學(xué)會(huì)青年工作委員會(huì)委員（2007）；教育部科技發(fā)展中心“教育部科技獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)”評(píng)審專家（2008）；教育部留學(xué)服務(wù)中心“留學(xué)回國(guó)人員科研啟動(dòng)基金”評(píng)審專家（2003）。先后獲清華大學(xué)骨干人才、留學(xué)回國(guó)人員基金及國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金。承擔(dān)寶鋼、鞍鋼、首鋼、攀鋼、馬鋼、中冶、中信、ArcelorMittal等大型企業(yè)項(xiàng)目。至2010年，發(fā)表期刊論文100余篇（SCI收錄38篇、EI收錄68篇）；獲發(fā)明專利4項(xiàng)。

“連鑄鋼水流動(dòng)水力學(xué)模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)技術(shù)”于2004年通過(guò)清華大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)技術(shù)成果鑒定，并獲校實(shí)驗(yàn)技術(shù)成果二等獎(jiǎng)�！榜R鋼薄板軋機(jī)機(jī)架及5000t油壓機(jī)橫梁大型鑄鋼件的研制”項(xiàng)目于2004年通過(guò)安徽科學(xué)技術(shù)廳科學(xué)技術(shù)研究成果鑒定，并獲2002至2003年度馬鋼技術(shù)進(jìn)步獎(jiǎng)一等獎(jiǎng)及2005年冶金科學(xué)技術(shù)三等獎(jiǎng)。連鑄工藝模擬軟件Visual-Cast及大型鋼錠模擬軟件FT-INGOT在多個(gè)企業(yè)、設(shè)計(jì)院應(yīng)用。

近凈成形先進(jìn)技術(shù)

現(xiàn)代材料工藝學(xué)

傳輸過(guò)程原理

質(zhì)量管理學(xué)

連鑄工藝模擬仿真

大型鋼錠/鑄件宏觀偏析控制

多晶硅定向凝固工藝

主要項(xiàng)目

1. 機(jī)械－電磁綜合作用下鑄坯糊狀區(qū)變形與金屬流動(dòng)的研究

2. 高雷諾數(shù)曲面結(jié)晶器多股鋼水非穩(wěn)定流動(dòng)與凝固的基礎(chǔ)研究

3. 合金鋼大方坯連鑄機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)與工藝設(shè)計(jì)方案

4. 連鑄機(jī)二冷工藝設(shè)計(jì)及鑄坯質(zhì)量控制

5. 連鑄板坯、方坯動(dòng)態(tài)二冷控制模型及策略

6. 板坯連鑄結(jié)晶器LES流動(dòng)模型

7. 新型薄板坯連鑄結(jié)晶器、水口設(shè)計(jì)及液位波動(dòng)研究

8. 薄板坯連鑄結(jié)晶器內(nèi)流場(chǎng)影響因素的模擬研究

9. 中厚板連鑄結(jié)晶器流場(chǎng)、溫度場(chǎng)耦合仿真研究

10. 特厚板坯連鑄凝固過(guò)程中夾雜物運(yùn)動(dòng)的模擬仿真研究

11. 鑄坯高溫力學(xué)性能、力學(xué)模型及鼓肚變形與中心偏析

12. 特大型鑄鋼件及特大型鋼錠凝固模擬及鑄造工藝優(yōu)化研究與開發(fā)

13. 大型鋼錠模、冒口優(yōu)化及偏析的數(shù)值模擬研究

14. 雙板軋機(jī)機(jī)架鑄件鑄造工藝

15. 光伏多晶硅成形系統(tǒng)研制等

主要出版物

1. A Coupled Electrical-Thermal-Mechanical Modeling of Gleeble Tensile Tests for Ultra-High-Strength (UHS) Steel at A High Temperature. Zhang Changli, Bellet M, Bobadilla M, Shen Houfa, Liu Baicheng. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, 41(9): 2304-2317, 2010

2. Finite Element Thermal-Mechanical Coupled Analysis of Strand Bulging Deformation in Continuous Casting. Zhang Jia, Shen Houfa, Huang Tianyou. Advanced Materials Research, 154-155: 1456-1461, 2010

3. High Temperature Mechanical Properties of Micro-Alloyed Carbon Steel in the Mushy Zone. Guo Liangliang, Li Weipeng, Bobadilla M, Yao Man, Shen Houfa. Steel Research International, 81(5): 387-393, 2010

4. 板坯結(jié)晶器電磁攪拌電磁場(chǎng)與流場(chǎng)的數(shù)值模擬. 陳榮, 沈厚發(fā). 連鑄, (3): 1-5, 2010

5. 大型鋼錠凝固過(guò)程三維數(shù)值模擬. 李文勝, 沈丙振, 周翔, 沈厚發(fā), 柳百成. 大型鑄鍛件, (3): 1-4, 2010

6. 多晶硅鑄造過(guò)程溫度場(chǎng)模擬仿真. 唐亞楠, 沈厚發(fā). 系統(tǒng)仿真學(xué)報(bào), 22(7): 1614-1617, 2010

7. Temperature Distribution and Dynamic Control of Secondary Cooling in Slab Continuous Casting. Guo Liangliang, Tian Yong, Yao Man, Shen Houfa. International J Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials, 16(6): 626-631, 2009

8. Water Modelling of the Level Fluctuation in Thin Slab Continuous Casting Mould. Shen Bingzhen, Shen Houfa, Liu Baicheng. Ironmaking and Steelmaking: Products and Applications, 36(1): 33-38, 2009

9. 連鑄坯凝固過(guò)程熱力耦合有限元模擬. 陳永, 羅歆, 沈厚發(fā). 鋼鐵, 44(3): 36-39, 2009

10. 工藝模擬軟件在連鑄機(jī)二冷優(yōu)化方面的應(yīng)用. 徐光, 田勇, 沈厚發(fā). 寬厚板, 15(1): 37-39, 2009

11. 80MN快鍛機(jī)上橫梁鑄造工藝仿真與優(yōu)化. 劉艷, 周守航, 張西鵬, 韓慶禮, 石立文, 沈厚發(fā), 李文勝. 鑄造, 58(11): 1129-1133, 2009

12. 渦輪盤風(fēng)冷過(guò)程數(shù)值模擬研究. 鄒金文, 劉東, 柳百成, 沈厚發(fā). 材料工程, (10): 7-10, 2009

13. Optimization of Temperature Distribution in Thick Slab Continuous Casting for Direct Hot Rolling. Guo Liangliang, Tian Yong, Yao Man, Shen Houfa. J Iron and Steel Research International, 15(S1): 239-243, 2008

14. Study on the Control Characteristics of the Secondary Cooling System in Continuous Casting. Zhang Jia, Tian Yong, Shen Houfa, Huang Tianyou. J Iron and Steel Research International, 15(S1): 584-588, 2008

15. Analysis of Thermomechanical Behavior in Continuous Bloom Casting Mold. Chen Yong, Luo Xin, Shen Houfa. J Iron and Steel Research International, 15(S1): 322-326, 2008

16. Finite Element Numerical Simulation on Thermomechanical Couple in Bloom Mold. Chen Yong, Luo Xin, Shen Houfa. J Iron and Steel Research International, 15(S1): 302-306, 2008

17. Modeling and Simulation of the Fluid Flow in Continuous Slab Casting Mould. Liu Rui, Shen Houfa, Liu Baicheng. Revue de Metallurgie-Cahiers dInformations Techniques. 105(9): 428-435, 2008

18. Numerical Simulation of the Transient Flow Patterns of Upper Swirls in Continuous Slab Casting Moulds. Liu Rui, Ji Wei, Li Jin, Shen Houfa, Liu Baicheng. Steel Research Int, 79(8): 626-631, 2008

19. Solidification Modeling in Continuous Casting by Finite Point Method. Zhang Lei, Rong Yiming, Shen Houfa, Huang Tianyou. Int J Intelligent Systems Technologies and Applications, 4(1-2): 177-187, 2008

20. Thermomechanical Behavior in Continuous Bloom Casting with Different Mold Tapers. Luo Xin, Chen Yong, Shen Houfa. Tsinghua Science and Technology, 13(5): 598-604, 2008

21. 連鑄結(jié)晶器電磁攪拌磁場(chǎng)及鋼液流場(chǎng)模擬. 陳永, 張長(zhǎng)利, 沈厚發(fā), 柳百成. 鋼鐵研究學(xué)報(bào), 20(7): 11-14, 2008

22. 薄板坯連鑄工藝因素對(duì)結(jié)晶器非穩(wěn)定流場(chǎng)特征參數(shù)的影響. 沈丙振, 沈厚發(fā). 北京科技大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào), 30(7): 800-804, 2008

23. 連鑄結(jié)晶器內(nèi)大方坯的熱力耦合分析. 陳永, 羅歆, 沈厚發(fā). 鋼鐵, 43(3): 33-37, 2008

24. Instability of Fluid Flow and Level Fluctuation in Continuous Thin Slab Casting Mould. Shen Bingzhen, Shen Houfa, Liu Baicheng. ISIJ International, 47(3): 427-432, 2007

25. Water Modeling of the Fluid Flow Instability in Continous Thin Slab Casting Mould. Shen Houfa, Shen Bingzhen, Liu Baicheng. Steel Research Int, 78 (7): 531-535, 2007

26. Solidification Modeling in Continuous Casting by Finite Point Method. Zhang Lei, Rong Yiming, Shen Houfa, Huang Tianyou. J Materials Processing Technology, 192(SI): 511-517, 2007

27. Numerical Simulation on Solidification and Thermal Stress of Continuous Casting Billet in Mold based on Meshless Methods. Zhang Lei, Shen Houfa, Rong Yiming, Huang Tianyou. Materials Science and Engineering A, 466(1-2): 71-78, 2007

28. 厚板坯連鑄二次冷卻過(guò)程數(shù)值模擬及實(shí)驗(yàn)研究. 田勇, 沈厚發(fā), 于功利, 王仁貴, 李澤林. 連鑄, (5): 1-5, 2007

29. 我國(guó)大型鑄鋼件生產(chǎn)的現(xiàn)狀與關(guān)鍵技術(shù). 黃天佑, 劉小剛, 康進(jìn)武, 沈厚發(fā), 柳百成. 鑄造, 56(9): 899-904, 2007

27. Computational Modeling of Macroscopic Transportation in Continuous Casting. Zhang Huanxin, Shen Houfa, Liu Baicheng. Materials Science Forum, 508: 543-548, 2006

28. Lattice BGK Model Simulation of Asymmetric Flow inside a Continuous Slab Casting Mold. Zhang Xiaojun, Shen Houfa. Journal of Hydrodynamics B, 18(4): 431-35, 2006

29. 鎳基高溫合金定向凝固斑點(diǎn)偏析數(shù)值模擬研究. 曹海峰, 沈厚發(fā), 柳百成. 稀有金屬材料與工程, 35(12): 1849-1853, 2006

30. 水口對(duì)CSP結(jié)晶器流場(chǎng)的影響. 李偉, 沈厚發(fā). 鋼鐵, 41(S1): 467-471, 2006

31. 薄板坯連鑄流場(chǎng)特征和浸入式水口研究. 徐榮軍, 葉世鴻, 杜鋒, 沈厚發(fā). 鋼鐵, 41(S1): 414-417？, 2006

32. 薄板坯連鑄CSP結(jié)晶器液位波動(dòng)影響因素的水力學(xué)模擬研究. 沈丙振, 葉世鴻, 徐榮軍, 李永全, 沈厚發(fā), 柳百成. 鋼鐵, 41(S1): 305-308, 2006

33. 薄板坯連鑄流場(chǎng)與中心偏析的大渦模擬. 張煥鑫, 沈厚發(fā), 柳百成. 鋼鐵, 41(S1): 472-475, 2006

34. 板坯連鑄結(jié)晶器流場(chǎng)的格子法模擬. 張小軍, 沈厚發(fā). 機(jī)械工程學(xué)報(bào), 42(9): 154-159, 2006

35. 配點(diǎn)型無(wú)網(wǎng)格法及其迭代求解在導(dǎo)熱微分方程中的應(yīng)用. 張雷, 黃天佑, 沈厚發(fā), 柳百成. 機(jī)械工程學(xué)報(bào), (S1): 78-83, 2006

36. 連鑄板坯二冷區(qū)邊界換熱與溫度場(chǎng)分析. 高文江, 陶金明, 李進(jìn), 沈厚發(fā). 冶金自動(dòng)化, (S2): 29-32, 2006

37. 連鑄大方坯凝固傳熱過(guò)程的數(shù)值模擬. 高文江, 趙克文, 沈厚發(fā). 熱加工工藝, 35(17): 66-69, 2006

38. Effect of Electromagnetic Brake on Fluid Flow in Continuous Slab Casting Mould. Shen Houfa, Liu Baicheng, Wang Lei. International Journal of Cast Metals Research, 18(4): 209-213, 2005

39. Fluid Flow and Solidification in Continuous Thin Slab Casting Mold. Zhang Huanxin, Shen Houfa, Liu Baicheng. Trans Indian Inst Met, 58(4): 503-508, 2005

40. Simulation of A-Segregate Formation in Binary Alloys. Cao Haifeng, Shen Houfa, Liu Baicheng, Xu Qingyan. Trans Indian Inst Met, 58(4): 539-543, 2005

41. 連續(xù)鑄造板坯結(jié)晶器中流動(dòng)與液位波動(dòng)的模擬研究. 張煥鑫, 沈厚發(fā), 柳百成. 鑄造, 54(7): 710-712, 2005

42. 結(jié)晶器電磁制動(dòng)鋼液流場(chǎng)數(shù)值模擬. 張桂芳, 沈厚發(fā), 王鐳, 柳百成. 鑄造, 54(5): 484-487, 2005

43. 薄板坯連鑄結(jié)晶器流場(chǎng)模擬和驗(yàn)證. 張桂芳, 沈厚發(fā), 王鐳, 柳百成. 鋼鐵釩鈦, 26(2): 31-34, 2005

44. 低碳鋼奧氏體再結(jié)晶模型的建立. 沈丙振, 方能煒, 沈厚發(fā), 柳百成. 材料科學(xué)與工藝, 13(5): 516-520, 2005

45. 側(cè)向凝固通道偏析的數(shù)值模擬. 曹海峰, 沈厚發(fā), 柳百成. 金屬學(xué)報(bào), 41: 917-22, 2005

46. Pb-Sn合金凝固過(guò)程A偏析數(shù)值模擬. 曹海峰, 沈厚發(fā), 柳百成. 材料研究學(xué)報(bào), 19(6): 594-600, 2005

47. 數(shù)值模擬技術(shù)在大型鑄鋼件生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用. 劉小剛, 沈厚發(fā), 康進(jìn)武, 張雷, 黃天佑, 邊敦亭. 熱加工工藝, (5): 65-68, 2005

48. 鎂合金表面覆蓋層形成方法及相關(guān)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn). 張新平, 熊守美, 沈厚發(fā), 柳百成. 材料科學(xué)與工藝, 13(6): 627-631, 2005

49. Analysis of Solute Redistribution and Centerline Segregation in Continuously Cast Thin Slab？. Ma Changwen, Shen Houfa, Huang Tianyou, Liu Baicheng. China Foundry, 1(2): 94-98, 2004

50. Effects of Level Magnetic Field and Flow Control Electro Magnetic Brake on Fluid Flow in Thin Slab Continuous Casting Mold. Wang, Lei, Shen Houfa. Kang T’ieh/Iron and Steel, 39(S): 486-490, 2004

51. Finite Point Method for the Simulation of Solidification and Heat Transfer in Continuous Casting Mold. Zhang Lei, Kang Jinwu, Shen Houfa, Huang Tianyou. Tsinghua Science and Technology, 9(5): 570-573, 2004

52. Centerline Segregation in Continuously Cast Billets. Ma Changwen, Shen Houfa, Huang Tianyou. Tsinghua Science and Technology, 9(5): 550-554, 2004

53. Fluid Flow in Continuous Casting Mold with a Configured Nozzle. Wang Lei, Shen Houfa, Liu Baicheng. Tsinghua Science and Technology, 9(6): 617-621, 2004

54. Models of the Static and Metadynamic Recrystallization for Low Carbon Steel during Mechanical Deformation. Shen Bingzhen, Fang Nengwei, Shen Houfa, Liu Baicheng. Tsinghua Science and Technology, 9(6): 622~627, 2004

55. Numerical Simulation on Macro-segregation in Steel Ingot during Solidification. Ma Changwen, Shen Houfa, Huang Tianyou, Liu Baicheng. Acta Metallurgica Sinica, 17(3): 288-294, 2004

56. 連鑄結(jié)晶器中坯殼生長(zhǎng)有限元分析. 王哲, 沈厚發(fā), 柳百成. 清華大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào), 44(11): 1448-1451, 2004

57. 板坯凝固末端輕壓下流動(dòng)與溶質(zhì)分布的研究. 馬長(zhǎng)文, 沈厚發(fā), 黃天佑. 鑄造, 53(12): 1023-1027, 2004

58. 方坯連鑄中心偏析的數(shù)值模擬. 馬長(zhǎng)文, 沈厚發(fā), 黃天佑. 鑄造, 53(8): 617-620, 2004

59. 新型連鑄結(jié)晶器流場(chǎng)與液位波動(dòng)仿真系統(tǒng). 王鐳, 張煥鑫, 沈厚發(fā)？, 劉曉, 方園. 連鑄, (6): 1-4, 2004

60. 連鑄輕壓下技術(shù)的機(jī)理比較. 馬長(zhǎng)文, 沈厚發(fā), 黃天佑. 上海金屬, 25(6): 1-5, 2003

61. 等軸晶移動(dòng)對(duì)宏觀偏析影響的數(shù)值模擬. 馬長(zhǎng)文, 沈厚發(fā), 黃天佑, 柳百成. 材料研究學(xué)報(bào), 18(3): 232-238, 2004

62. Pb－Sn合金凝固通道偏析的實(shí)驗(yàn)與數(shù)值模擬研究. 高宇, 沈厚發(fā), 馬長(zhǎng)文, 黃天佑. 鑄造, 53(10): 814-818, 2004

63. 消失模鑄造充型凝固過(guò)程的計(jì)算機(jī)仿真. 李鋒軍, 沈厚發(fā), 柳百成. 機(jī)械工程學(xué)報(bào), 40(6): 81-84, 2004

64. Modeling of Level Fluctuation in Continuous Casting. Liu Xiao, Zhang Huanxin, Xu Rongjun, Li Yongquan, Shen Houfa, Liu Baicheng. J Mater Sci Technol, 19(S1): 158-160, 2003

65. Mathematical Model of Fluid Flow and Solidification in Mold Region of Continuous Slab Casting. Tan Lijian, Shen Houfa, Liu Baicheng. Tsinghua Science and Technology, 8(1): 83-89, 2003

66. Modeling of Mold Filling and Solidification in Lost Foam Casting. LI Fengjun, Shen Houfa, Liu Baicheng. J Mater Sci Technol, 19(5): 395-397, 2003

67. 結(jié)晶器液位波動(dòng)的模擬算法. 譚利堅(jiān), 沈厚發(fā), 柳百成, 劉曉, 徐榮軍, 李永全. 金屬學(xué)報(bào), 39(4): 435-438, 2003

68. 薄板坯連鑄連軋過(guò)程溫度場(chǎng)模擬. 張雷, 沈厚發(fā), 黃天佑. 連鑄, (1): 29-31, 2003

69. 熱軋過(guò)程金屬組織－性能模擬研究進(jìn)展. 沈丙振, 沈厚發(fā), 柳百成. 上海金屬, 25(5): 25-29, 2003

70. 大型軋鋼機(jī)架鑄造工藝計(jì)算機(jī)輔助分析. 張雷, 譚利堅(jiān), 沈厚發(fā), 黃天佑, 柳百成, 邊敦亭, 陳世文, 潘愛勝, 潘寧, 王曉光. 鑄造, 52(8): 568-570, 2003

71. 定向凝固通道偏析的數(shù)值模擬. 馬長(zhǎng)文, 沈厚發(fā), 黃天佑, 柳百成. 清華大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào), 43(11): 1444-1447, 2003

72. 消失模鑄造充型過(guò)程的模擬方法？. 李鋒軍, 沈厚發(fā), 柳百成. 金屬學(xué)報(bào), 39(7): 686-690, 2003

73. 消失模鑄造充型過(guò)程的人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)算法. 李鋒軍, 柳百成, 沈厚發(fā), 禹建麗. 稀有金屬材料與工程, 32(4): 268-271, 2003

74. 消失模鑄造充型過(guò)程的計(jì)算模型及實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證. 李鋒軍, 沈厚發(fā), 柳百成. 清華大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào), 43(5): 586-589, 2003

75. 消失模鑄造液態(tài)金屬充型速度的試驗(yàn)研究？. 李鋒軍, 沈厚發(fā), 柳百成, 張殿德. 材料科學(xué)與工藝, 11(3): 225-229, 2003

76. Analysis of Heat Transfer and Thermal Stress in Continuous Casting with Mechanical Reduction. Zhang Lei, Shen Houfa, Huang Tianyou, Liu Baicheng. J Cast Metals Research, 15(4): 355-359, 2002

77. An Experimental Study of Deformation of a Columnar Dendritic Mushy Zone using a Transparent Succinonitrile-Acetone Alloy. Shen Houfa, Beckermann C. Metall Mater Trans B, 33: 69-78, 2002

78. Simulation using Realistic Spray Cooling for the Continuous Casting of Multi-component Steel. Shen Houfa, Hardin RA, MacKenzie R, Beckermann C. J Mater Sci Technol, 18(4): 311-314, 2002

79. 糊狀區(qū)變形及濃度再分布的模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)研究. 沈厚發(fā), Beckermann C. 金屬學(xué)報(bào), 38(4): 352-58, 2002

80. Fe-C合金凝固過(guò)程流動(dòng)、傳熱、傳質(zhì)的耦合數(shù)值模擬. 韓志強(qiáng), 沈厚發(fā), 熊守美, 柳百成. 金屬學(xué)報(bào), 38: 941-46, 2002

81. 合金凝固過(guò)程傳輸模型. 韓志強(qiáng), 沈厚發(fā), 柳百成. 金屬學(xué)報(bào), 38: 35-40, 2002

82. 消失模鑄鐵件充型速度的計(jì)算及其應(yīng)用. 李鋒軍, 柳百成, 沈厚發(fā), 張殿德. 特種鑄造及有色合金, (6): 15-17, 2002

83. 鑄鐵件消失模充型速度的測(cè)試及計(jì)算. 李鋒軍, 林青松, 張殿德, 沈厚發(fā), 柳百成. 現(xiàn)代鑄鐵, (1): 21-23, 2002

96. 面向21世紀(jì)的鑄造技術(shù). 柳百成, 沈厚發(fā). 特種鑄造及有色合金, (6): 11-12, 2000

97. Prevention of Macrodefects in Squeeze Casting of an Al-7Wt Pct Si Alloy. Hong CP, Shen Houfa, Lee SM. Metall Mater Trans B, 31: 297-305, 2000

98. Formation Criterion of Macrosegregation in a Squeeze Cast Al-7mass% Si Alloy. Lee SM, Shen Houfa, Hong CP. ISIJ International, 39: 1160-68, 1999

99. Prevention of Macrosegregation in Squeeze Casting of an Al-4.5 Wt Pct Cu Alloy. Hong CP, Shen Houfa, Cho IS. Metall Mater Trans A, 29: 339-49, 1998

100. 耦合傳熱與流動(dòng)的鋁合金鑄件充型三維數(shù)值模擬. 邱偉, 沈厚發(fā), 高志強(qiáng), 白雪峰, 柳百成. 鑄造, (4): 1-4, 1997

101. Study and Application of Mold Filling Simulation of Shaped Casting. Liu Baicheng, Qiu Wei, Shen Houfa, Gao Zhiqiang. Journal of Materials Science Technology, 13: 107-12, 1997

102. Progress in Numerical Simulation of Solidification Process of Shaped Casting. Liu Baicheng, Shen Houfa, Li Wenzhen. Journal of Materials Science and Technology, 11: 313-22, 1995