1934 《中子與質(zhì)子間的交換力》

《中子的磁矩》

第一次世界大戰(zhàn)前夕，他在愛丁堡學(xué)習(xí)。在二十年代和三十年代早期，他以量子力學(xué)為基礎(chǔ)，研究了固體中光的色散問題。1924年以后，他執(zhí)教于國(guó)立莫斯科大學(xué)，1927年獲得教授頭銜。1937年與弗蘭克一起對(duì)切倫科夫輻射現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行了解釋。1950年，他建議利用“箍縮效應(yīng)”，用磁場(chǎng)把熱等離子體（帶電的原子碎片）控制在適當(dāng)位置上。

塔姆作為莫斯科大學(xué)的教授和物理學(xué)研究所的研究人員，對(duì)固體中漫射光的量子理論、光電效應(yīng)、金屬以及熱核反應(yīng)的控制方法等方面均有研究，并取得重要的成果。隨著1932年中子的發(fā)現(xiàn)，他對(duì)原子核中的質(zhì)子與中子的作用力問題進(jìn)行了理論上的探討，并于1934年發(fā)表了《中子與質(zhì)子間的交換力》。1933年，他簡(jiǎn)要地闡明了在半導(dǎo)體中電子表面態(tài)（塔姆能級(jí)）的存在。1934年他發(fā)表專題論文《中子的磁矩》。然而，他最為著名的工作還是對(duì)切倫科夫效應(yīng)所作的理論解釋。1934年，切倫科夫發(fā)現(xiàn)了由γ射線轟擊半透明介質(zhì)而發(fā)射出一種微弱的、淺藍(lán)色的輻射。塔姆與弗朗克在1937年提出的一種理論中，論述了這種輻射并不是由γ射線產(chǎn)生的，而是由于電子在介質(zhì)中以大于光在介質(zhì)中的速度運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)產(chǎn)生的。這種理論導(dǎo)致了對(duì)切倫科夫輻射的各種不同的應(yīng)用，特別在核物理研究方面的應(yīng)用尤為重要。由于他解釋切倫科夫效應(yīng)的顯著成績(jī)，因此，塔姆教授于1958年同切倫科夫、弗朗克一起共同獲得諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)金。塔姆還和曼德爾斯太姆（L·Mandelstam）教授共事20年以上（1920—1944），他們一起研究過量子力學(xué)中的時(shí)間與能量一之詞的不確定性。此外對(duì)基本粒子相互作用問題，塔姆教授也有“過專門的研究，1945年發(fā)表了《基本粒子相對(duì)論性相互作用》著作，他所解釋基本核粒子相互作用的方法稱為塔姆方法，這也是很著名的。由于他對(duì)和平利用核能量感興趣，因而進(jìn)行了熱核反應(yīng)的研究，并于1950年提出熱核反應(yīng)的控制方法。1963年，他在美國(guó)電視上發(fā)表了關(guān)于國(guó)際裁軍的呼吁，為世界和平事業(yè)作了有益的工作。塔姆教授也從事過經(jīng)典電動(dòng)力學(xué)u200b方面的研究，他所著的《電學(xué)原理》一書，很受我國(guó)物理工作者的歡迎。

Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm was born in Vladivostok on July 8, 1895, as the son of Evgenij Tamm, an engineer, and Olga Davydova. He graduated from Moscow State University in 1918, specializing in physics, and immediately commenced an academic career in institutes of higher learning. He was progressively assistant, instructor, lecturer, and professor in charge of chairs, and he has taught in the Crimean and Moscow State Universities, in Polytechnical and Engineering-Physical Institutes, and in the J.M. Sverdlov Communist University. Tamm was awarded the degree of Doctor of Physico-Mathematical Sciences, and he has attained the academic rank of Professor. Since 1934, he has been in charge of the theoretical division of the P.N. Lebedev Institute of Physics of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences.

A decisive influence on his scientific activity was exercised by Prof. L. Mandelstam, under whose guidance he worked a number of years and with whom he was closely associated since 1920, when they met for the first time, and up to the death of Prof. Mandelstam in 1944.

Tamm is an outstanding theoretical physicist, and his early researches were devoted to crystallo-optics and the quantum theory of diffused light in solid bodies. He turned his attention to the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics and he evolved a method for interpreting the interaction of nuclear particles. Together with I.M. Frank, he developed the theoretical interpretation of the radiation of electrons moving through matter faster than the speed of light (the Cerenkov effect), and the theory of showers in cosmic rays. He has also contributed towards methods for the control of thermonuclear reactions. Resulting from his original researches, Tamm has written two important books, Relativistic Interaction of Elementary Particles (1935) and On the Magnetic Moment of the Neutron (1938).

I. Tamm was elected Corresponding Member of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences in 1933, and in 1953 he became an Academician. He shared the 1946 State Prize with Vavilov, Cerenkov, and Frank, and is a Hero of Socialist Labour. He is also a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Swedish Physical Society.

Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm was born in Vladivostok on July 8, 1895, as the son of Evgenij Tamm, an engineer, and Olga Davydova. He graduated from Moscow State University in 1918, specializing in physics, and immediately commenced an academic career in institutes of higher learning. He was progressively assistant, instructor, lecturer, and professor in charge of chairs, and he has taught in the Crimean and Moscow State Universities, in Polytechnical and Engineering-Physical Institutes, and in the J.M. Sverdlov Communist University. Tamm was awarded the degree of Doctor of Physico-Mathematical Sciences, and he has attained the academic rank of Professor. Since 1934, he has been in charge of the theoretical division of the P.N. Lebedev Institute of Physics of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences.

A decisive influence on his scientific activity was exercised by Prof. L. Mandelstam, under whose guidance he worked a number of years and with whom he was closely associated since 1920, when they met for the first time, and up to the death of Prof. Mandelstam in 1944.

Tamm is an outstanding theoretical physicist, and his early researches were devoted to crystallo-optics and the quantum theory of diffused light in solid bodies. He turned his attention to the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics and he evolved a method for interpreting the interaction of nuclear particles. Together with I.M. Frank, he developed the theoretical interpretation of the radiation of electrons moving through matter faster than the speed of light (the Cerenkov effect), and the theory of showers in cosmic rays. He has also contributed towards methods for the control of thermonuclear reactions. Resulting from his original researches, Tamm has written two important books, Relativistic Interaction of Elementary Particles (1935) and On the Magnetic Moment of the Neutron (1938).

I. Tamm was elected Corresponding Member of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences in 1933, and in 1953 he became an Academician. He shared the 1946 State Prize with Vavilov, Cerenkov, and Frank, and is a Hero of Socialist Labour. He is also a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Swedish Physical Society.

塔姆作為莫斯科大學(xué)的教授和物理學(xué)研究所的研究人員，對(duì)固體中漫射光的量子理論、光電效應(yīng)、金屬以及熱核反應(yīng)的控制方法等方面均有研究，并取得重要的成果。隨著1932年中子的發(fā)現(xiàn)，他對(duì)原子核中的質(zhì)子與中子的作用力問題進(jìn)行了理論上的探討，并于1934年發(fā)表了《中子與質(zhì)子間的交換力》。1933年，他簡(jiǎn)要地闡明了在半導(dǎo)體中電子表面態(tài)（塔姆能級(jí)）的存在。1934年他發(fā)表專題論文《中子的磁矩》。然而，他最為著名的工作還是對(duì)切倫科夫效應(yīng)所作的理論解釋。1934年，切倫科夫發(fā)現(xiàn)了由γ射線轟擊半透明介質(zhì)而發(fā)射出一種微弱的、淺藍(lán)色的輻射。塔姆與弗朗克在1937年提出的一種理論中，論述了這種輻射并不是由γ射線產(chǎn)生的，而是由于電子在介質(zhì)中以大于光在介質(zhì)中的速度運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)產(chǎn)生的。這種理論導(dǎo)致了對(duì)切倫科夫輻射的各種不同的應(yīng)用，特別在核物理研究方面的應(yīng)用尤為重要。由于他解釋切倫科夫效應(yīng)的顯著成績(jī)，因此，塔姆教授于1958年同切倫科夫、弗朗克一起共同獲得諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)金。塔姆還和曼德爾斯太姆（L·Mandelstam）教授共事20年以上（1920—1944），他們一起研究過量子力學(xué)中的時(shí)間與能量一之詞的不確定性。此外對(duì)基本粒子相互作用問題，塔姆教授也有“過專門的研究，1945年發(fā)表了《基本粒子相對(duì)論性相互作用》著作，他所解釋基本核粒子相互作用的方法稱為塔姆方法，這也是很著名的。由于他對(duì)和平利用核能量感興趣，因而進(jìn)行了熱核反應(yīng)的研究，并于1950年提出熱核反應(yīng)的控制方法。1963年，他在美國(guó)電視上發(fā)表了關(guān)于國(guó)際裁軍的呼吁，為世界和平事業(yè)作了有益的工作。塔姆教授也從事過經(jīng)典電動(dòng)力學(xué)方面的研究，他所著的《電學(xué)原理》一書，很受我國(guó)物理工作者的歡迎。