帕特里克·亨利(Patrick Henry,1736～1799),蘇格蘭裔美國(guó)人。他生于弗吉尼亞，是弗吉尼亞殖民地最成功的律師之一，以機(jī)敏和演說(shuō)技巧而著稱。1763年，他被選入弗吉尼亞議會(huì)，勇敢地為殖民地的權(quán)利進(jìn)行辯護(hù)。1765年，在反對(duì)《印花稅法》的演說(shuō)中，他說(shuō)：“西澤有他的布魯圖，查理一世有他的克倫威爾，喬治三世有……” (這時(shí)，他被一片“大逆不道!大逆不道!大逆不道!”的叫喊聲打斷。) “…但愿我們能從他們的例子中獲益，如果這是大逆不道，那就讓它大逆不道吧！”

       1773年參與組建弗吉尼亞通訊委員會(huì)，1774-1776年為大陸會(huì)議代表，,發(fā)表過許多演說(shuō)，是最激烈的反英代表。1775年3月在里士滿召開的第二界弗吉尼亞代表大會(huì)上，提出一項(xiàng)強(qiáng)硬決議案，要求武裝弗吉尼亞民兵，與英國(guó)作戰(zhàn)，被普遍傳誦的警句“給我自由或者死亡”就出自他在這次大會(huì)上的演說(shuō)。著名的《獨(dú)立宣言》他也是主要執(zhí)筆者之一，后任弗吉尼亞軍總司令，1776-1779年和1784-1786年任弗吉尼亞州州長(zhǎng)，1781-1784和1787-1790年為立法機(jī)構(gòu)成員，1787年拒絕出席費(fèi)城制憲會(huì)議，翌年在弗吉尼亞代表大會(huì)上反對(duì)批準(zhǔn)《美國(guó)憲法》，政治上趨于保守。1799年發(fā)表演說(shuō)，呼吁美國(guó)人民大團(tuán)結(jié)[2]。

       亨利對(duì)美國(guó)獨(dú)立革命，尤其對(duì)人權(quán)法案有著不可替代的功績(jī)。他是不可置疑的英雄人物，美國(guó)的開創(chuàng)者之一。他堅(jiān)持反對(duì)強(qiáng)大的中央政府，拒絕了華盛頓讓他擔(dān)任國(guó)務(wù)卿的邀請(qǐng)，還拒絕擔(dān)任最高法院的大法官等職位。有人說(shuō)如果他的理念在當(dāng)時(shí)得到實(shí)現(xiàn)，后來(lái)的內(nèi)戰(zhàn)就不會(huì)發(fā)生了，因?yàn)榘此�的理念不�?huì)出現(xiàn)“國(guó)家統(tǒng)一”也就沒有維護(hù)國(guó)家統(tǒng)一的必要了。亨利是個(gè)堅(jiān)持個(gè)人信念，不追逐名利的人，為此他得到了人們的敬佩。在看到了法國(guó)革命的瘋狂后，他的政治觀點(diǎn)有所改變，最終成為聯(lián)邦主義者，可惜太晚了，那些被他拒絕的政府職位都已有主了，而他也老了。

       一七九九年六月六日，帕特里克亨利，這位名垂青史的“美國(guó)革命之舌”，走到了生命的盡頭。他被葬在弗吉尼亞的紅山，他家族的墓地。亨利是一位英雄，他不追求權(quán)勢(shì)名利，他是個(gè)不愿受壓迫反抗暴政的英雄。難能可貴是，在他可以輕易獲得權(quán)勢(shì)的時(shí)候，為了自己的追求他選擇了拒絕。美國(guó)是世界上第一個(gè)真正意義上的現(xiàn)代國(guó)家。美國(guó)能有今天，正是因?yàn)樗鼡碛信撂乩锟撕嗬�這樣的英雄。

       《不自由，毋寧死》這篇膾炙人口的演說(shuō)在美國(guó)革命文獻(xiàn)史上占有特殊地位。其時(shí)，北美殖民地正面臨歷史性抉擇——要么拿起武器，爭(zhēng)取獨(dú)立；要么妥協(xié)讓步，甘受奴役。亨利以敏銳的政治家眼光，飽滿的愛國(guó)激情，以鐵的事實(shí)駁斥了主和派的種種謬誤，闡述了武裝斗爭(zhēng)的必要性和可能性。從此，“不自由，毋寧死”的口號(hào)激勵(lì)了千百萬(wàn)北美人為自由獨(dú)立而戰(zhàn)，這篇演說(shuō)也成為世界演說(shuō)名篇。

　　不自由，毋寧死！（l775 年3 月23 日）

　　議長(zhǎng)先生：

　　我比任何人更欽佩剛剛在議會(huì)上發(fā)言的先生們的愛國(guó)精神和才能。但是，對(duì)同一事物的看法往往因人而異。因此，盡管我的觀點(diǎn)與他們截然不同，我還是要毫無(wú)保留地、自由地予以闡述，并且希望不要因此而被視作對(duì)先生們的不敬�，F(xiàn)在不是講客氣的時(shí)候。擺在會(huì)議代表們面前的問題關(guān)系到國(guó)家的存亡。我認(rèn)為，這是關(guān)系到享受自由還是蒙受奴役的大問題，而且正由于它事關(guān)重大，我們的辯論就必須做到各抒己見。只有這樣，我們才有可能弄清事實(shí)真相，才能不辜負(fù)上帝和祖國(guó)賦予我們的重任。在這種時(shí)刻，如果怕冒犯別人而閉口不言，我認(rèn)為就是叛國(guó)，就是對(duì)比世間所有國(guó)君更為神圣的上帝的不忠。

　　議長(zhǎng)先生，對(duì)希望抱有幻覺是人的天性。我們易于閉起眼睛不愿正視痛苦的現(xiàn)實(shí)，并傾聽海妖惑人的歌聲，讓她把我們化作禽獸。在為自由而進(jìn)行艱苦卓絕的斗爭(zhēng)中，這難道是有理智的人的作為嗎？難道我們?cè)敢獬蔀閷?duì)獲得自由這樣休戚相關(guān)的事視而不見，充耳不聞的人嗎？就我來(lái)說(shuō)，無(wú)論在精神上有多么痛苦，我仍然愿意了解全部事實(shí)真相和最壞的事態(tài)，并為之做好充分準(zhǔn)備。

　　我只有一盞指路明燈，那就是經(jīng)驗(yàn)之燈。除了過去的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，我沒有什么別的方法可以判斷未來(lái)。而依據(jù)過去的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，我倒希望知道，10 年來(lái)英國(guó)政府的所作所為，憑什么足以使各位先生有理由滿懷希望，并欣然用來(lái)安慰自己和議會(huì)？難道就是最近接受我們請(qǐng)?jiān)笗r(shí)的那種狡詐的微笑嗎？不要相信這種微笑，先生，事實(shí)已經(jīng)證明它是你們腳邊的陷階。不要被人家的親吻出賣吧！請(qǐng)你們自問，接受我們請(qǐng)?jiān)笗r(shí)的和氣親善和遍布我們海陸疆域的大規(guī)模備戰(zhàn)如何能夠相稱？難道出于對(duì)我們的愛護(hù)與和解，有必要?jiǎng)佑脩?zhàn)艦和軍隊(duì)嗎？難道我們流露過決不和解的愿望，以至為了贏回我們的愛，而必須訴諸武力嗎？我們不要再欺騙自己了，先生。這些都是戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和征服的工具，是國(guó)王采取的最后論辯手段。我要請(qǐng)問先生們，這些戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)部署如果不是為了迫使我們就范，那又意味著什么？哪位先生能夠指出有其他動(dòng)機(jī)？難道在世界的這一角，還有別的敵人值得大不列顛如此興師動(dòng)眾，集結(jié)起龐大的海陸武裝嗎？不，先生們，沒有任何敵人了。一切都是針對(duì)我們的，而不是別人。他們是派來(lái)給我們套緊那條由英國(guó)政府長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)鑄造的鎖鏈的。我們應(yīng)該如何進(jìn)行抵抗呢？還靠辯論嗎？先生，我們已經(jīng)辯論了10 年了。難道還有什么新的御敵之策嗎？沒有了。我們已經(jīng)從各方面經(jīng)過了考慮，但一切都是枉然。難道我們還要苦苦哀告，卑詞乞求嗎？難道我們還有什么更好的策略沒有使用過嗎？先生，我請(qǐng)求你們，千萬(wàn)不要再自欺欺人了。為了阻止這場(chǎng)即將來(lái)臨的風(fēng)暴，一切該做的都已經(jīng)做了。我們請(qǐng)?jiān)高^，我們抗議過，我們哀求過；我們?cè)�拜倒在英王御座前，懇求他制止�?guó)會(huì)和內(nèi)閣的殘暴行徑�？墒�，我們的請(qǐng)?jiān)甘艿矫镆�，我們的抗議反而招致更多的鎮(zhèn)壓和侮辱，我們的哀求被置之不理，我們被輕蔑地從御座邊一腳踢開了。事到如今，我們?cè)趺催�能沉迷于虛無(wú)縹緲的和平希望之中呢？沒有任何希望的余地了。假如我們想獲得自由，并維護(hù)我們長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)為之獻(xiàn)身的崇高權(quán)利，假如我們不愿徹底放棄我們多年來(lái)的斗爭(zhēng)，不獲全勝，決不收兵。那么，我們就必須戰(zhàn)斗！我再重復(fù)一遍，我們必須戰(zhàn)斗！我們只有訴諸武力，只有求助于萬(wàn)軍之主的上帝。

　　議長(zhǎng)先生，他們說(shuō)我們太弱小了，無(wú)法抵御如此強(qiáng)大的敵人。但是我們何時(shí)才能強(qiáng)大起來(lái)？是下周，還是明年？難道要等到我們被徹底解除武裝，家家戶戶都駐扎英國(guó)士兵的時(shí)候？難道我們猶豫遲疑、無(wú)所作為就能積聚起力量嗎？難道我們高枕而臥，抱著虛幻的希望，待到敵人捆住了我們的手腳，就能找到有效的御敵之策了嗎？先生們，只要我們能妥善地利用自然之神賜予我們的力量，我們就不弱小。一旦300 萬(wàn)人民為了神圣的自由事業(yè)，在自己的國(guó)土上武裝起來(lái)，那么任何敵人都無(wú)法戰(zhàn)勝我們。此外，我們并非孤軍作戰(zhàn)，公正的上帝主宰著各國(guó)的命運(yùn)，他將號(hào)召朋友們?yōu)槲覀兌鴳?zhàn)。先生們，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的勝利并非只屬于強(qiáng)者。它將屬于那些機(jī)警、主動(dòng)和勇敢的人們。何況我們已經(jīng)別無(wú)選擇。即使我們沒有骨氣，想退出戰(zhàn)斗，也為時(shí)已晚。退路已經(jīng)切斷，除非甘受屈辱和奴役。囚禁我們的枷鎖已經(jīng)鑄成。叮鐺的鐐銬聲已經(jīng)在波士頓草原上回響。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)已經(jīng)無(wú)可避免——讓它來(lái)吧！我重復(fù)一遍，先生，讓它來(lái)吧！企圖使事態(tài)得到緩和是徒勞的。各位先生可以高喊：和平！和平！但根本不存在和平。戰(zhàn)斗實(shí)際上已經(jīng)打響。從北方刮來(lái)的風(fēng)暴將把武器的銼鏘回響傳到我們耳中。我們的弟兄已經(jīng)奔赴戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)！我們?yōu)槭裁催�要站在這里袖手旁觀呢？先生們想要做什么？他們會(huì)得到什么？難道生命就這么可貴，和平就這么甜蜜，竟值得以鐐銬和奴役作為代價(jià)？全能的上帝啊，制止他們這樣做吧！我不知道別人會(huì)如何行事；至于我，不自由，毋寧死！

　　Mr. President,

　　No man thinks more highly than I do of the patriotism, as well as abilities, of the very worthy gentlemen who have just addressed the House. But different men often see the same subject in different lights; and, therefore, I hope it will not be thought disrespectful to those gentlemen if, entertaining as I do opinions of a character very opposite to theirs, I shall speak forth my sentiments freely and without reserve. This is no time for ceremony. The questing before the House is one of awful moment to this country. For my own part, I consider it as nothing less than a question of freedom or slavery; and in proportion to the magnitude of the subject ought to be the freedom of the debate. It is only in this way that we can hope to arrive at truth, and fulfill the great responsibility which we hold to God and our country. Should I keep back my opinions at such a time, through fear of giving offense, I should consider myself as guilty of treason towards my country, and of an act of disloyalty toward the Majesty of Heaven, which I revere above all earthly kings.

　　Mr. President, it is natural to man to indulge in the illusions of hope. We are apt to shut our eyes against a painful truth, and listen to the song of that siren till she transforms us into beasts. Is this the part of wise men, engaged in a great and arduous struggle for liberty? Are we disposed to be of the number of those who, having eyes, see not, and, having ears, hear not, the things which so nearly concern their temporal salvation? For my part, whatever anguish of spirit it may cost, I am willing to know the whole truth; to know the worst, and to provide for it.

　　I have but one lamp by which my feet are guided, and that is the lamp of experience. I know of no way of judging of the future but by the past. And judging by the past, I wish to know what there has been in the conduct of the British ministry for the last ten years to justify those hopes with which gentlemen have been pleased to solace themselves and the House. Is it that insidious smile with which our petition has been lately received? Trust it not, sir; it will prove a snare to your feet. Suffer not yourselves to be betrayed with a kiss. Ask yourselves how this gracious reception of our petition comports with those warlike preparations which cover our waters and darken our land. Are fleets and armies necessary to a work of love and reconciliation? Have we shown ourselves so unwilling to be reconciled that force must be called in to win back our love? Let us not deceive ourselves, sir. These are the implements of war and subjugation; the last arguments to which kings resort. I ask gentlemen, sir, what means this martial array, if its purpose be not to force us to submission? Can gentlemen assign any other possible motive for it? Has Great Britain any enemy, in this quarter of the world, to call for all this accumulation of navies and armies? No, sir, she has none. They are meant for us: they can be meant for no other. They are sent over to bind and rivet upon us those chains which the British ministry have been so long forging. And what have we to oppose to them? Shall we try argument? Sir, we have been trying that for the last ten years. Have we anything new to offer upon the subject? Nothing. We have held the subject up in every light of which it is capable; but it has been all in vain. Shall we resort to entreaty and humble supplication? What terms shall we find which have not been already exhausted? Let us not, I beseech you, sir, deceive ourselves. Sir, we have done everything that could be done to avert the storm which is now coming on. We have petitioned; we have remonstrated; we have supplicated; we have prostrated ourselves before the throne, and have implored its interposition to arrest the tyrannical hands of the ministry and Parliament. Our petitions have been slighted; our remonstrances have produced additional violence and insult; our supplications have been disregarded; and we have been spurned, with contempt, from the foot of the throne! In vain, after these things, may we indulge the fond hope of peace and reconciliation. There is no longer any room for hope. If we wish to be free-- if we mean to preserve inviolate those inestimable privileges for which we have been so long contending--if we mean not basely to abandon the noble struggle in which we have been so long engaged, and which we have pledged ourselves never to abandon until the glorious object of our contest shall be obtained--we must fight! I repeat it, sir, we must fight! An appeal to arms and to the God of hosts is all that is left us!

　　They tell us, sir, that we are weak; unable to cope with so formidable an adversary. But when shall we be stronger? Will it be the next week, or the next year? Will it be when we are totally disarmed, and when a British guard shall be stationed in every house? Shall we gather strength by irresolution and inaction? Shall we acquire the means of effectual resistance by lying supinely on our backs and hugging the delusive phantom of hope, until our enemies shall have bound us hand and foot? Sir, we are not weak if we make a proper use of those means which the God of nature hath placed in our power. The millions of people, armed in the holy cause of liberty, and in such a country as that which we possess, are invincible by any force which our enemy can send against us. Besides, sir, we shall not fight our battles alone. There is a just God who presides over the destinies of nations, and who will raise up friends to fight our battles for us. The battle, sir, is not to the strong alone; it is to the vigilant, the active, the brave. Besides, sir, we have no election. If we were base enough to desire it, it is now too late to retire from the contest. There is no retreat but in submission and slavery! Our chains are forged! Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston! The war is inevitable--and let it come! I repeat it, sir, let it come.

　　It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry, Peace, Peace-- but there is no peace. The war is actually begun! The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms! Our brethren are already in the field! Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty or give me death!

傳記：《自由之聲》

電影人物：魔鬼重地（即 “索魂惡鳥”）白鯨（1998）