盧克萊修(約前99～前55) 　　Lucretius，Carus 　　古羅馬哲學(xué)家。他繼承古代原子學(xué)說，特別是闡述并發(fā)展了伊壁鳩魯?shù)恼軐W(xué)觀點(diǎn)。認(rèn)為物質(zhì)的存在是永恒的，提出了“無物能由無中生，無物能歸于無”的唯物主義觀點(diǎn)。反對(duì)神創(chuàng)論，認(rèn)為宇宙是無限的，有其自然發(fā)展的過程，人們只要懂得了自然現(xiàn)象發(fā)生的真正原因，宗教偏見便可消失。承認(rèn)世界的可知性，認(rèn)為感覺是事物流射出來的影像作用于人的感官的結(jié)果，是一切認(rèn)識(shí)的基礎(chǔ)和來源，駁斥了懷疑論。認(rèn)為幸福在于擺脫對(duì)神和死亡的恐懼，得到精神的安寧和心情的恬靜。著有哲學(xué)長(zhǎng)詩《物性論》。 　　哲學(xué)觀點(diǎn)： 　　“思想和靈魂的本質(zhì)是有形體的……（而且是）有生死的。如果靈魂是長(zhǎng)生不死的，并又能在出生的時(shí)候進(jìn)入我們的肉體，為什么我們就不能夠記住遙遠(yuǎn)的時(shí)代，也留不住以前的行動(dòng)痕跡呢？如果思想的力量完全被改變了，所有對(duì)過去的記憶都丟失了，那么，我認(rèn)為這與死亡毫無二致。因此，你們得承認(rèn)，以前存在的靈魂已經(jīng)消失了，現(xiàn)在存在的靈魂已經(jīng)形成�！� 　　Born c. 94 B.C.E. Died c. 54 B.C.E. 　　Little is known of Lucretius’s life, apart from his authorship of the poem De rerum natura (On the Nature of Things, 6 books). 　　Influenced by Greek philosopher Epicurus (341-270 B.C.E.) who was concerned with how to lead a happy life and achieve ataraxia (‘a(chǎn)bsence of disturbance’) 　　This concern ultimately derives from his ‘a(chǎn)tomic theory’ (the basis of life). Epicurus gives Lucretius a materialist philosophy in which knowledge is based on sense perception NOT on a belief in the Gods 　　Lucretius does not see the world as having a divine plan and urges that we should not fear death. For him, the Gods exist but have no interest in or influence over human affairs. Instead, the Gods represent ataraxia itself, living an undisturbed and harmonious life. 　　Lucretius calls atoms ‘the ultimate law’. In other words, the matter of the universe creates the conditions in which we live and die NOT the Go