ϣ˹Freidrich Liszt17891846ǹŵ佛(jng)(j)W(xu)đߺǵvʷW(xu)ɵ(q)ߡ˹صĊ^Ŀ(bio)Ƅӵڽ(jng)(j)ϵĽy(tng)һ@QĽ(jng)(j)W(xu)Ƿ(w)ڇc(dng)˹ܵx(jng)(j)W(xu)J(rn)ґ(yng)ԓڽ(jng)(j)Ҫ^c܁vɽhܠDAlexanderHamiltonԼW(xu)ӰҪ˼(do)ĹI(y)Q(mo)ױo(h)xȵԾwЄٳɵ־P(gun)ͬUP(gun)ʹ(jng)(j)@ýy(tng)һĽy(tng)һa(chn)Ӱ
ϣ˹ - ƽB
˹صһBһϵеʧ
1819꣬ڽMּڽy(tng)һ(jng)(j)ȫ¹(lin)ܵȺoȥeW(xu)(w)
1820(dn)hTgM(jn)ĸԡɿ[£\(qun)̎10±O(jin)˹؝ӵ˷ʿ؇SP(gun)Ѻˏصה[Ó@ΣUͬƾ
1825˹һҵ_ʼ(jng)Ir(nng)߀(dn)^美_kһҎ(gu)ģܴýV
1832˹ػصWޅcRa˹DF·O(sh)̣ϣͨ^ȫF·ϵy(tng)Ƅӵ(jng)(j)Ľy(tng)һ
1834꣬P(gun)ͬ˽ȫF·ϵy(tng)Ӌڷ⽨(j)Ya(chn)AĪMΩLjDʧ
1837˹ĵVɽyΣC(j)Ʈa(chn)˹Сg˹һֱܵıO(jin)ҕܵٴαO(jin){MŬȻҵһݹ̶I(y)˹رҲՈ(dn)F·O(sh)Q(mo)߷ҪڷԑB(ti)˹ؾܽ^ҪoIJȡؔL(jng)ƸՈГ(dn)Ҫġwϵ˹ЌƵɳƶȶܽ^ˡ
1841˹(jng)ίΞ顶RڽԭδܳУúR˼(dn)@һ(w)
1846ӢU@Q(mo)ױo(h)x˹һS˹Ӣ(lin)˵Ӌ]бcP(gun)ͬ˹ԸҲһֱòF(xin)˕r˹ʧF(xin)֮^Ya(chn)AYxM(jn)еoݿ˵⽨ӄڡƌW(xu)硯˵ԽԽaKһ겻ԼA(yu)єųĵYa(chn)Aɐuؒһֱwѵ˹ش˕r@˥ѽ(jng)ow;ϵĴ˹ؿ˺͇ҵǰ;ϼpD˽^ڽoѵУ˹f]Ќõֻܿӵؔa(chn)ʲôҲ]Уڶˡǣ@Щؔa(chn)ҲԾSϵӺͺӂ?gu)˽^
18461130˹һС(zhn)_ԚY(ji)57q
˹ - Ҫ
˹صĽ(jng)(j)l(f)չ˼ҪF(xin)·棺P(gun)ڹI(y)M(jn)c(jng)(j)l(f)չP(gun)ϵՓa(chn)ՓҸA(y)W(xu)fԼQ(mo)ױo(h)ȵҪǣ
ν(jng)(j)W(xu)ćwϵ1841
ν(jng)(j)W(xu)Ȼwϵ1837
ν(jng)(j)W(xu)V1827
˹ - ˼
˹P(gun)ͬˣ1818ʿU(ni)P(gun)P(gun)ͬʩнM˹ذl(f)1819Ľĵ˺(lin)ϕ ҪP(gun)ͬȫ½ϱɂP(gun)ͬⶐ1843꽨ȫP(gun)ͬ.1835_ʼȫy(tng)һF·W(wng)F(xin)ͨy(tng)һͨ^иŬ(jng)(j)W(xu)˹ͨ^(jng)(j)y(tng)һF(xin)νy(tng)һķʽԌʩP(gun)ͬ˵ĽʹQ(mo)ױډ־(jng)(j)ٰl(f)չ
˹صĶ˼ҪwF(xin)o(h)P(gun)ՓJ(rn)Yx(jng)(j)Լԣ(yng)ȡo(h)x˹ӢŵW(xu)ɵɷκ͡xJ(rn)ҕˇҵúͲͬҽ(jng)(j)l(f)չcQ(mo)бo(h)P(gun)ƶ˹J(rn)飬ؔa(chn)ؔҪöُIrƷƺؔ^Lh(yun)KI(y)l(f)չʹL̎ڏČهλB(yng)a(chn)횲ȡo(h)P(gun)fؔa(chn)֮ؔԵҪҪٱν(jng)(j)W(xu)ćwϵećُIrƷϿҪһЩ@ĽY(ji)I(y)a(chn)Ͳܫ@ðl(f)չ̎͏Čĵλȡo(h)P(gun)ߣʹI(y)Ʒăr(jng)^һra(chn)Ʒa(chn)M(fi)þ͕Ʒr?x)䵽M(jn)Ʒăr˹a(chn)Փ@ՓA(ch)ıo(h)P(gun)߮(dng)r_M(jn)˵I(y)İl(f)չʹں̵ܶĕrڃ(ni)sM(jn)Yxҡ
˹ - I(y)c(jng)(j)Փ
1ԹI(y)M(jn)ĵĽ(jng)(j)l(f)չAՓ
ڵvʷW(xu)ɽ(jng)(j)W(xu)Ү(dng)˹˽(jng)(j)l(f)չAՓڡν(jng)(j)W(xu)ćwϵЌ"Ľ(jng)(j)Ҷ횽(jng)^°l(f)չAΣԭʼĩ_l(f)A--I(y)A--r(nng)I(y)A--r(nng)I(y)I(y)A--r(nng)I(y)I(y)̘I(y)A"傀l(f)չAfM(jn)ģһһ(jng)(j)l(f)չ̶ͬԓĽ(jng)(j)Լ̶ȳԣ"һĽ(jng)(j)Խǰl(f)_(d)ԽԓԽԽǏ(qing)һ̶Խߺ͌ԽǏ(qing)ԓ(jng)(j)l(f)չ_(d)AαԽ"
˹P(gun)ĵĆ}ʹһr(nng)I(y)l(f)չɞ鹤I(y)(qing)ԣՓںAJ(rn)飬̎r(nng)I(y)Aεćґ(yng)(dng)ȫr(nng)I(y)I(y)Aκr(nng)I(y)I(y)c̘I(y)A^Ŀ̎ڵ傀l(f)չAεr(nng)I(y)I(y)̘I(y)Aǽ(jng)(j)l(f)չB(ti)ԓAr(nng)I(y)I(y)̘I(y)֮gCf(xi)ȱİl(f)չȫF(xin)YԴҲɹI(y)֧˹J(rn)鷲_(d)@һAεć"ߵa(chn)Ҳԣ"@ӵć"@Ȼoȱ"
ڸl(f)չAκfM(jn)?Q֮Щڸl(f)չAεM(jn)аl(f)?˹eҪأQ(mo)P(gun)ƶȺI(y)M(jn)@˹ز]еR^عI(y)M(jn)@J(rn)錦Q(mo)P(gun)ƶֻһ(jng)(j)̎^Ͱl(f)չAΕrl(f)Ҫõһٹԓ(qing)I(y)TQ(mo)P(gun)ƶȵĵλλڹI(y)M(jn)لt˹J(rn)ںl(f)չAI(y)Lһ(jng)(j)l(f)չP(gun)I"oՓΕrεֻI(y)_(d)˸ߵķsB(ti)r҂ŕI(y)(ni)͇Q(mo)r(nng)I(y)ŕs"ͻI(y)Ҫλ˹ʹ(Manufakturkraft)һ~@NͬһĿƌW(xu)ˇg(sh)d˥Լƶȵ׃w(lin)ϵJ(rn)һ"M(jn)ԓƌW(xu)ˇg(sh)εİl(f)չĸ˿͇ؔҌ"ҊI(y)M(jn)˹صĽ(jng)(j)l(f)չAՓH˺(jng)(j)l(f)չˮƽĘ(bio)־Ҳ(q)ӸAθĄӑB(ti)Ҫ˿fĽ(jng)(j)l(f)չAՓһNԹI(y)M(jn)ă(ni)ݵՓ
2I(y)M(jn)cr(nng)I(y)^ʣ˿
˹J(rn)(dng)һr(nng)I(y)Am(x)A^ɕrF(xin)ɷNԣһ^ܴԭеB(ti)^ɣ׃ɸ߶Ȱl(f)_(d)Ľ(jng)(j)(qing)˹،@ɷNB(ti)ķ|(dng)Sl(f)չ(jng)(j)W(xu)HP(gun)עP(gun)(jng)(j)l(f)չ^r(nng)I(y)^ʣ˿йI(y)TӵՓ}
˹،һNJ(rn)(dng)һr(nng)I(y)r(nng)I(y)l(f)չڇQ(mo)Ӱ_(d)İl(f)չȁfѽ(jng)_(d)cڹI(y)ݔI(y)Ʒrܽ^M(jn)ԓr(nng)I(y)r(nng)a(chn)ƷQڹI(y)ԓr(nng)I(y)(ni)ЈϵʹߵI(y)oa(chn)@Nrԓr(nng)I(y)r(nng)I(y)a(chn)͕l(f)뚈ȱB(ti)ΣU(in Gefahr zu Verkrppeln)
˹ʹõ"r(nng)I(y)ȱB(ti)"ĸָ@һNΣһȱ(qing)ķ(wn)l(f)չʹ˿ڲòȫͶr(nng)I(y)a(chn)ȥһٶȳF(xin)^ʣ˿ڣ?ni)wֻڬF(xin)ͬԭеr(nng)ZأǷֱָÿͥռе׃֮Сڮa(chn)HܝMr(nng)YϺԭϷزٵDzҲ]ʣÁ̘ͬI(y)߽Qr(nng)I(y)ĹI(y)@NεıȻY(ji)һr(nng)I(y)Tʣa(chn)Ʒ˿ĴMԓToõµYͶr(nng)ɽڄֻͥLھSȵˮƽϣһԭزָ˾ռҎ(gu)ģڅspr(nng)I(y)a(chn)˾a(chn)½һ˹ָǘӣ
"r(nng)I(y)Dzʣܮa(chn)κΖ|ֻܮa(chn)˿ڡ"ǰ˹صY(ji)ՓD(zhun)Q^l(f)չ(jng)(j)W(xu)g(sh)Zǣr(nng)I(y)ڄ߅Ha(chn)ʲκήa(chn)ǵ㡣
Ȼ˹،ڶNԵsM˘^J(rn)(dng)һI(y)l(f)չ̎B(ti)һԓ_(d)һİl(f)չAΕr˿ڴD(zhun)ƵI(y)Tȥr(nng)a(chn)ƷʣһԭϺYI(y)ṩһÁQȡĹI(y)ƷC(j)ߣԝMr(nng)M(fi)a(chn)Ҫ@NM(jn)ܼrF(xin)r(nng)I(y)I(y)a(chn)ͬ@ӵLǟoֹģٕиĄڄr(nng)I(y)TF(xin)Ҳָٕr(nng)I(y)˿ڌI(y)TҵKڅI(y)˿ڌ^r(nng)I(y)˿@һȥǰԓl(f)չɞһr(nng)I(y)RĽ(jng)(j)(qing)ɴ˹ֹr(nng)I(y)a(chn)½Чʩ@ǽ𱾇I(y)TM(jn)r(nng)I(y)I(y)ͬsĠB(ti)
˹ - Q(mo)ױo(h)Փ
1ҸA(y)W(xu)f
˹؏ď(qing){(dio)ҵ̎^͵İl(f)չAԼҵĽǶ회˽˽(jng)(j)иA(y)˹䏊(qing){(dio)(dng)һ(jng)(j)̎ڔU(ku)r(nng)I(y)I(y)r(nng)I(y)I(y)̘I(y)Ľ(jng)(j)(qing)D(zhun)׃P(gun)IrڣҪڇҸA(y)J(rn)@һrڵćҸA(y)(yng)(dng)RĿĵʹĽ(jng)(j)l(f)չڅ˞ķ
˹زٝͬӢŵW(xu)ɵɷεĽ(jng)(j)ՓˣڬF(xin)еĽ(jng)(j)W(xu)wϵмM(jn)ҽ(jng)(j)W(xu)ă(ni)ʹ֮څơͻҸA(y)W(xu)fՓλ@ӌ (chung)wϵеIJͬLJҡҵı|(zh)̎ڂc֮gнwҵՓY(ji)(gu)@һcA(ch)ġ
ôґ(yng)(dng)Ό(jng)(j)иA(y)?˹J(rn)(jng)(j)һI(lng)?q)иA(y)֮eҵĸA(y)ֻڲI(lng)P(gun)ڇ֪øLЩҲ]Խң෴ʹ˽⡢οԼҲoM(jn)еЩ˹߀wᵽˇҪں܊ͺҎ(gu)o(h)̴·F·\(yn)̵ȻA(ch)O(sh)ʩƶƷa(chn)cM(fi)ķҎ(gu)M(jn)I(y)Lбo(h)Q(mo)ȵ֮ҵʹǴM(jn)ؔa(chn)LʹҰUD(zhun)׃?yu)Сݻ?qing)
2Q(mo)ױo(h)Փ
ijNxf˹صQ(mo)ױo(h)ՓćҸA(y)W(xu)f(j)Q(mo)ʷĿ˴ͬĽ(jng)(j)l(f)չA(yng)Q(mo)װl(f)չAڵһA(jng)(j)ćґ(yng)ͬ^M(jn)ҌQ(mo)Դ˞ֶʹ[Óδ_B(ti)r(nng)I(y)ϵİl(f)չڵڶAόбo(h)Q(mo)ףԴM(jn)I(y)\(yn)I(y)̘I(y)İl(f)չڵAΣ(dng)ԓI(y)r(nng)I(y)̘I(y)w(jng)(j)˸߶Ȱl(f)չ֮֏(f)Q(mo)ףڇ(ni)ЈͬM(jn)кoƵĸ
˹J(rn)r(nng)I(y)ԭƼQ(mo)I(y)a(chn)ƷQ(mo)Гp(ni)I(y)l(f)չˇҸA(y)(jng)(j)l(f)չʮֱҪһ(yng)ԓo(h)ԶؔԣЗlЕrgƵP(gun)ƶJ(rn)Sa(chn)l(f)չP(gun)ˮƽ(yng)ԓԱڱƷռЇ(ni)Ј˹J(rn)P(gun)o(h)ǹI(y)ҪT(jng)l(f)չca(chn)ƷT(yng)co(h)g(sh)Tڲ̫Ҫ(jng)(j)T(yng)͌Ӵαo(h)mo(qing)Tt豣o(h)(j)Эh(hun)I(y)rQȡI(y)ƷֹݔҎ(gu)m(dng)kݔԽֹȻa(chn)ݔ˶kֻmȻҪćݔİƳƷĄʹI(y)ƷڵʹênP(gun)(yng)(dng)һȣʹݔM(fi)ܵƣt(ni)a(chn)ҲʹӶյĿܵۡκμg(sh)I(y)ԭİٷ֮ʮʮıo(h)ʽܿ20%-30%ʲౣo(h)³־ôǾȱٹI(y)lP(gun)o(h)ʩʩ(yng)вEM(jn)УP(gun)ֻ(yng)(dng)S(ni)ćYg(sh)ܺI(y)Lֻ(yng)(dng)SҌԭ팣ݔõЩʣԭcȻa(chn)܉ԼõM(jn)չߡ
˹xŵW(xu)x˲ͬڇHQ(mo)_ͻP(gun)ߌ(ni)a(chn)I(y)ӰHڇHֹoB(ti)߀עQ(mo)һa(chn)I(y)Y(ji)(gu)ӑB(ti){(dio)Ӱ푡˹ՓɞNQ(mo)ױo(h)xҪՓA(ch)l(f)չЇҺͰl(f)_(d)Ҍбo(h)Q(mo)|(zh)кܴͬl(f)չЇҌQ(mo)ױo(h)Դ佛(jng)(j)l(f)չ(ni)ҪǷŗ佛(jng)(j)l(f)չQ(mo)ױo(h)ǰl(f)չЇҌF(xin)I(y)ΨһxĿ(bio)֮һǼmHQ(mo)Բͬa(chn)һϵвƽsСƳƷca(chn)ƷKQ(mo)LٶȻl(f)_(d)Q(mo)ױo(h)ߌƳƷo(h)ּڔU(ku)ƳƷca(chn)Ʒl(f)_(d)Ҍa(chn)Ʒa(chn)ҲM(jn)бo(h)tM(jn)һƳƷca(chn)Ʒ֮gƽQ(mo)׳̶ȡHDZ횵߀Q(mo)Ҏ(gu)ģLٶȡl(f)_(d)ҜpٻȡQ(mo)ױo(h)l(f)չЇҳڌӣQ(mo)U(ku)Hˣڰl(f)չЇҴ^ߵĹI(y)ƷM(jn)ˣQ(mo)γˡݡ
ϣ˹ - (jng)(j)˼ȱ
@ҪF(xin)ڃɂ棺һ˹عг傀(jng)(j)l(f)չAֻAUǰɂA΅sδf(j)ԄAεĘ(bio)־Ҳ(yn)mȻwϿԿԽ(jng)(j)ӲT(ҪI(y))鄝ָAεĻ(bio)־һT(jng)(j)ӲTĘ(bio)(zhn)Єeһ(jng)(j)l(f)չ̶ȵĸߵͣºyڶa(chn)Ҫf_еĘ(gu)Ҫ^s͌ɲP(gun)gP(gun)(λuڽ̟Қ\(yn))ҲM(jn)ʹoϴTgP(gun)ϵԼa(chn)LкxYķҲƆ}(dng)ՄYr^ڏ(qing){(dio)˵ľ^ΨxA@һA?q)ĵvʷW(xu)ɽ(jng)(j)W(xu)Үa(chn)̵Ӱ
˹ - ur
־ۇ߸˹أFriedrich List,1789-1846 ) mȻKP(gun)o(h)F·(jng)(j)(lin)ϵȌH(w)߀x@Щyõν(jng)(j)W(xu)ćwϵ1841ν(jng)(j)W(xu)Ȼwϵ1837ν(jng)(j)W(xu)V1827˹صČW(xu)f(jng)(j)˼ʷһ㱻w顰vʷW(xu)ɡٷW(xu)ɡ
İl(f)չ}ǏĺM(jn)İl(f)չ@һǶȿ˹ؽKoɺҕ@ȻP(gun)y(tng)һI(y)l(f)Ӱİl(f)չ(jng)vM(jn)@ҊąxҪǣF(xin)·ϱĺ߶˹õ^ՓB(yng)r˹صİl(f)չW(xu)fڽЏ(qing)һλ˹о@urκҪǷl(f)_(d)ҵİl(f)չ}fȑ(yng)(dng)@λLՓcl(f)չΌW(xu)݅
ϣ?˹ǵvʷW(xu)ɵ(q)@W(xu)ɵĄ(chung)ʼ˹Ȱl(f)ͬӢŵW(xu)Փ(zhn)ͬr߀ĵ(dng)rć͇Hh(hun)l(f)ĚvʷՓߵĶNǶՓӢɇĵδM(jn)a(chn)Lʹ֮l(f)չɞ鹤I(y)(qing)Ć}˹Փc(dng)l(f)չ(jng)(j)W(xu)оI(lng)OSҪՓ^c춨ڽ(jng)(j)l(f)չ˼ʷϵҪλ
˹ؼÚvʷͲTķĽ(jng)(j)l(f)չvʷM(jn)̵ĽǶȣԼĽ(jng)(j)l(f)չAՓ@һՓ(jng)(j)W(xu)fʷЏVӰ˂һ㶼J(rn)_˹еĽ(jng)(j)LAՓܵ˹@һՓĆl(f)߀н(jng)(j)W(xu)fʷоߌ˹صIJTஔ(dng)ߵurƩW(xu)DF?J(rn)飬˹P(gun)ڏr(nng)I(y)Ar(nng)I(y)I(y)̘I(y)A^ɵķ[ήa(chn)I(y)M(jn)Փͬ C?G?˺ A?G?B?M(fi)ѩήa(chn)I(y)Փ֮̎
˹ذѹI(y)M(jn)Q(mo)ͬr(nng)I(y)Lr(nng)I(y)YͶԼr(nng)^ʣ˿ӵ^ЙC(j)ؽY(ji)Կ(qing){(dio)r(nng)I(y)ɂTĽY(ji)(gu)ՓĿw(gu)ͬW?A?˹ĶԪ(jng)(j)ģʽ@˵֮̎mȻ˹زF(xin)(jng)(j)W(xu)xϵ˿ģʽsе˼·r(nng)I(y)^ʣ˿(˹ǡ˿ڡ)I(y)TӵĬF(xin)ķȄ˹ĶԪY(ji)(gu)ՓҪF(xin)һٶ
˹P(gun)a(chn)ɶNҪؽMɵՓcڿw˼·ͬ(dng)L(jng)(j)W(xu) E?ɭ JW?ϵ˵˵ĶҪa(chn)ՓH֮ͨ̎eҪᵽ˹?z)o(jng)(j)W(xu)fʷϵһ_ʹtYČW(xu)ġY(ni)ӁǬF(xin)l(f)չ(jng)(j)W(xu)СYͬxZP(gun)ƼM(jn)(jng)(j)l(f)չشM(jn)õ^cҲֵóֿ϶P(gun)a(chn)f(xi)cC_^cɴć(jng)(j)Tȱl(f)չ;a(chn)(yng)ͬ|(zh)a(chn)m(dng)Kʹa(chn)F(xin)cf(xi){(dio)ĿҲHՓrֵ[l(f)չЇґ(yng)(dng)(jng)(j)ԅf(xi){(dio)ԈDF(xin)YԴ(yu)õıȻY(ji)Փ
mȻ˹زٝͬӢŵW(xu)ɷε˼]ȫJ(rn)Ј(jng)(j)Ҳֵ،(jng)(j)I(lng)?q)иA(y)@cͬF(xin)(jng)(j)l(f)չՓP(gun)ڰl(f)չЇҌʩЈ{(dio)(ji)ҸA(y)߲e˼·ȫǺ˹صQ(mo)Փt侫֮̎ԔM̽ӑˌбo(h)Q(mo)Q(mo)IJͬļsl䲽E(qing){(dio)(yng)(j)飬ՕrC(j)_Q(mo)P(gun)жӻġй(ji)Ƶmȵıo(h)ʵ뷨Լ(qing){(dio)(yng)̎ڰl(f)չrڵI(y)Tбo(h)^c(gu)ɞ鮔(dng)l(f)չ(jng)(j)W(xu)Q(mo)ՓеP(gun)Y(ji)(gu)Փͱo(h)ɹI(y)ՓҪՓԴϣ˹رJ(rn)Q(mo)ױo(h)ՓĴ֮һ
˹ - P(gun)~l
᷌O | Xfһ | ġhɭ | T氲 |
־ | _˹R | |ᡤW˹젖Z | |
YT | ˹ߡ | ¡RЪ | |
P | ɪW | S˹ | ˹ķ_d |
| Wa | Wķɭ | _ءſˡŠ |
éY | ɪ | ̸ɭ | ˹ |
ʒƻ | ˹ | ʩR | S{ʲϿ |
uf | mˡķR | ء |
ϣ˹ - Y
1http://www.chinavalue.net/Wiki/showcontent.aspx?TitleID=221165
2http://www.lib.ruc.edu.cn/dzyd/zs-wts-tbtspsxdmy.pdf
3http://economy.guoxue.com/article.php/18005
4http://www.hist.pku.edu.cn/person/niuke/niuke_m_05.doc