人物大傳
弗朗西斯·德雷克 (Francis Drake)，尊敬的說，是（Sir Francis Drake）出生于英國(guó)德文郡一個(gè)貧苦農(nóng)民的家中，從學(xué)徒干到水手，最后成為商船船長(zhǎng)，而贊助人就是當(dāng)時(shí)的伊麗莎白女王，當(dāng)時(shí)的英國(guó)雖然已經(jīng)開始過渡到生產(chǎn)力急速發(fā)展的資本主義時(shí)期，但由于原始積累不夠，還并不是什么航海大國(guó)，當(dāng)時(shí)的海上霸主是西班牙人，早在十五世紀(jì)，偉大的航海家哥倫布就在西班牙和葡萄牙的贊助下發(fā)現(xiàn)了美洲大陸(西、葡兩國(guó)的關(guān)系非常親密，還曾一度合并為一個(gè)國(guó)家)，后來麥哲倫又完成了環(huán)球航行，使得西班牙對(duì)海洋的認(rèn)識(shí)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過了其他的歐洲國(guó)家，西班牙率先進(jìn)入美洲，葡萄牙人則開進(jìn)了印度，1519年西班牙人找到了傳說中的黃金之國(guó)，在毀滅了阿茲特克和印加這兩支瑪雅人的后裔后，徹底控制了南美大陸，控制了秘魯?shù)慕鸬V，為了襲斷與亞洲和美洲的貿(mào)易，他們封鎖了航路，嚴(yán)禁一切他國(guó)船只的來往，非西班牙的船只甚至連太平洋都沒有見過，太平洋變成了西班牙的私海，英法等國(guó)雖有怨氣，卻也是敢怒不敢言，只得通過奴隸貿(mào)易分一些油水。 [br] 1568年，德雷克和他的表兄約翰·霍金斯帶領(lǐng)五艘販奴船前往墨西哥，由于受到風(fēng)暴襲擊，船只受到嚴(yán)重?fù)p壞，起先，西班牙總督同意他們進(jìn)港修理，但在幾天后突然下令攻擊，將英國(guó)船員全部處死，僅有德雷克和霍金斯逃離虎口，撿了一條命，德雷克不明白為什么西班牙要屠殺無辜的商人，更想不通的是新大陸的財(cái)富憑什么只要西班牙才能享受。從此以后他就有了一顆仇恨西班牙的心，他發(fā)誓在有生之年一定要向西班牙復(fù)仇，就此確定了其一生的軌跡。[br] 1572年，德雷克召集了一批人乘坐小船偷偷橫渡大西洋，躲進(jìn)了巴拿馬地峽，像當(dāng)年的探險(xiǎn)家一樣，橫穿了美洲大陸，第一次見到了浩瀚的太平洋，在南美叢林里他們蹲守了近一個(gè)月后，搶劫了運(yùn)送黃金的騾隊(duì)，又搶下了幾艘西班牙大帆船，成功的返回了英國(guó)成為了英雄，這次行動(dòng)的意義并不僅僅在于獲得黃金，更重要的是德雷克證明了西班牙人并不是不可侵犯的，他受到女王的召見，并很快成為了女王的親信。 [br] 1577年，他再次從英國(guó)出發(fā)，乘著旗艦“金鹿”號(hào)直奔美洲沿岸，一路打劫西班牙商船，西班牙人做夢(mèng)也想不到，竟然有人敢在“自家后院胡鬧”，當(dāng)他們派出軍艦追擊時(shí)，德雷克早已逃往南方，但由于西班牙的封鎖，他無法通過狹窄的麥哲倫海峽，在一次猛烈的風(fēng)暴中，“金鹿”號(hào)同船隊(duì)其它伙伴失散了，被向南吹了5°之多，來到了西班牙人也未曾到過的地方，自從麥哲倫海峽被發(fā)現(xiàn)以來人們一直認(rèn)為海峽以南的火地島就是傳說中的南方大陸的一部分，但此時(shí)呈現(xiàn)在德雷克面前的是一片汪洋大海，德雷克被這意外的發(fā)現(xiàn)驚呆了，他很高興的向大家宣布“傳說中的南方大陸是不存在的，即使存在，也一定是在南方更寒冷的地方，”(直到今天我們還稱這片廣闊的水域?yàn)椤暗吕卓撕{”)，但德雷克卻一直向西橫渡了太平洋。1579年7月23日，他到達(dá)了馬里亞納群島，8月22日穿過北回歸線，9月26日回到了闊別已久的普次茅斯港，再次成為了“民眾的英雄”，這次航行是繼麥哲倫之后的第二次環(huán)球航行，但德雷克卻是第一個(gè)自始至終指揮環(huán)球航行的船長(zhǎng)(眾所周知，麥哲倫在菲律賓被土人做成三明治吃掉了)。德雷克帶回了數(shù)以噸計(jì)的黃金白銀，豐富了女王的腰包，更重要的是德雷克為英國(guó)開辟了一條新航路，大大促進(jìn)了英國(guó)航海業(yè)的發(fā)展，而且他還發(fā)現(xiàn)了寬闊的德雷克海峽，自此以后，太平洋再也不是西班牙的海了，做為一個(gè)探險(xiǎn)家德雷克的業(yè)績(jī)到此為止，但作為海戰(zhàn)史上著名的海戰(zhàn)專家，他的冒險(xiǎn)才剛剛開始。 [br] 1587年，英國(guó)女王伊麗莎白處死了親西班牙的蘇格蘭女王瑪麗，西班牙對(duì)英宣戰(zhàn)，積怨已久的兩國(guó)終于拔劍相向，但當(dāng)時(shí)，英國(guó)海軍還非常弱小，僅有三十四艘戰(zhàn)艦，根本無力與西葡聯(lián)盟作戰(zhàn)，危機(jī)時(shí)刻，德雷克帶領(lǐng)著25只海盜船趕到了。沿著西班牙的海岸，德雷克開始“外科手術(shù)式的清洗”在加的斯港外他擊沉了36艘西班牙補(bǔ)給艦，接著又沖進(jìn)加的斯港擊沉了33艘西班牙船只，5月15日，德雷克艦隊(duì)突襲里斯本附近的舶錨地，在混亂中千百艘船只相撞沉沒，損失無以估量。接著，他又攻占了圣維森特角要塞，扼住了地中海的咽喉，在回國(guó)的路上，他又打劫了西班牙國(guó)王菲利普二世的私人運(yùn)寶船，搶到了價(jià)值11萬鎊的財(cái)富。由于這一系列的行動(dòng)，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)至少延后了一年，從而為英國(guó)爭(zhēng)取到了寶貴的時(shí)間。 [br] 1588年5月20日，由10個(gè)支隊(duì)，130條船艦組成的西班牙“無敵艦隊(duì)”從里斯本起航，7月19日，開始在英吉利海峽步陣，英國(guó)方面除三十四艘皇家海軍戰(zhàn)艦外，還有私人船艦60艘，前鋒是由34艘戰(zhàn)艦組成“德雷克支隊(duì)”，德雷克的表兄海盜船長(zhǎng)霍金斯也趕來幫忙，兩人準(zhǔn)備一起為當(dāng)年死于墨西哥灣的同伴們報(bào)仇。英方的總指揮是霍華德勛爵，西班牙方面則是米地拉公爵領(lǐng)軍，此時(shí)的西班牙戰(zhàn)艦仍舊是以老式的樓船為主，這種船非常大除了水手外，還裝滿步兵，火力配備主要以重型的加農(nóng)炮為主，作戰(zhàn)的西班牙海軍仍舊使用古老的橫隊(duì)?wèi)?zhàn)術(shù)，即是讓艦船肩并肩的前進(jìn)，用艦首炮轟擊后靠近敵船打接舷戰(zhàn)。十七年前，西班牙人就是憑借著這種戰(zhàn)術(shù)取得了勒班托海戰(zhàn)的勝利，但此時(shí)英國(guó)人卻采用了更為先進(jìn)的戰(zhàn)術(shù)，英國(guó)戰(zhàn)艦多為船身輕便的快帆船，除了水手外，不帶任何步兵，這種船靈活輕便，更易于轉(zhuǎn)向和突進(jìn)，而且根本舍棄了“接舷戰(zhàn)”這種落后的方式，用德雷克的話說：“海上的事要由船來解決，和步兵沒有關(guān)系�！痹诨鹆ε鋫浞矫嬗�(guó)人使用輕型的長(zhǎng)炮且多布置在兩舷，戰(zhàn)斗時(shí)則采用德雷克發(fā)明“縱隊(duì)?wèi)?zhàn)術(shù)”，讓艦船首尾相接的排列，用舷炮轟擊，這是海戰(zhàn)史上的一次革命，自此以后火炮才取代步兵成為海戰(zhàn)的主角，就這樣在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)還沒開始前，西班牙艦隊(duì)覆滅的命運(yùn)就已經(jīng)注定好了 [br] 7月22日晨英國(guó)艦隊(duì)借著順風(fēng)，以“一條單長(zhǎng)線”的隊(duì)型楔入西班牙艦隊(duì)，由于先進(jìn)的戰(zhàn)術(shù)和靈活的機(jī)動(dòng)性，沒有一艘船被西班牙陸軍搶占，到7月25日西班牙已經(jīng)損失了十分之一的艦船，而英國(guó)方面則匯合了西莫爾勛爵的援軍使艦船總數(shù)達(dá)到136艘，7月28日晚，在德雷克等人的建議下，霍華德下令采取古老的火船戰(zhàn)術(shù)，(參看“赤壁之戰(zhàn)”)西班牙艦隊(duì)陣腳大亂，無法保持隊(duì)形，英艦趁機(jī)突擊。從29日上午9時(shí)，到下午6時(shí)，雙方艦隊(duì)在沒有編隊(duì)的情況下，互相混雜，三五成群的對(duì)射，直到都沒有炮彈為止，西班牙損失了近一半的船只死傷1400人，英軍則一船未沉且死傷不足百人，這就是史上著名的英西大海戰(zhàn)，自此以后，西班牙一蹶不振，英國(guó)逐漸取代其成為海上的霸主，而德雷克則被封為英格蘭勛爵，登上海盜史上的最高峰。 [p] [/p]環(huán)球探險(xiǎn)
[p] [/p][p]1567年－德雷克第一次探險(xiǎn)航行，從英國(guó)出發(fā)，橫越大西洋，到達(dá)加勒比海。 [/p][p] [/p][p]1569年－第二次探險(xiǎn)航行，從加勒比海再往前，到達(dá)了中美洲。[/p][p] [/p][p]1577年－第三次探險(xiǎn)航行 德雷克循著麥哲倫的航線出發(fā)。由英國(guó)前往南大西洋，抵達(dá)了南美洲東海岸。[/p][p] [/p][p]1578年－發(fā)現(xiàn)了合恩角和德雷克海峽，德雷克海峽就是用他的姓氏命名。8月時(shí)德雷克通過了南美洲南端最危險(xiǎn)的麥哲倫海峽。為了紀(jì)念所剩下來的最后一艘船，德雷克將之改名為金鹿號(hào)(Golden Hind)，因?yàn)榇舜澲撕ｎD爵士的徽章盾牌上是一只金鹿。 [/p] [p] [/p] [p]1579年－德雷克與金鹿號(hào)在沿著南美洲西岸往北航行，北上一直航行到北緯48度的加拿大西海岸，發(fā)現(xiàn)無法通過北冰洋，只好改為橫越太平洋向西航行，經(jīng)過菲律賓群島，穿過馬六甲海峽，橫越印度洋，繞好望角再次橫越大西洋。[/p] [p] [/p] [p]1580年9月26日回到英國(guó)普利茅斯 外部聯(lián)結(jié)：三次遠(yuǎn)航的地圖。 [/p] [p] [/p] [p]1581年4月，女王伊麗莎白一世親自登船賜德雷克皇家爵士頭銜。 [/p][p] [/p][p]1588年－德雷克成為海軍中將，在軍旅中曾擊退西班牙無敵艦隊(duì)(Spanish Armada)攻擊。 [/p] [p] [/p] [p]1596年－1月28日，他因痢疾病逝于巴拿馬。[/p] [p] [/p]紀(jì)念
[p]1937年－1970年，有33年的時(shí)間，英國(guó)的錢幣半便士(Half Penny)上一直以德雷克的金鹿號(hào)為圖案。 [/p] [p] [/p] [p]英國(guó)文化中有一首民謠叫做“德雷克的鼓（Drake’s drum） ”，大意是說，如果英國(guó)蒙難，只要德雷克的鼓又響了，他就一定會(huì)回來為英國(guó)解難。 [/p] [p] [/p]國(guó)外人物傳記原稿
Francis Drake, eldest of twelve children,was born in Crowndale in about 1540. His father, Edmund Drake, was a passionate supporter of Martin Luther and during the Prayer Book Rebellion of 1948, was forced to flee with his family to Chatham in Kent.[br] Drake was apprenticed to a Thames captain in the 1550s, and in 1563 joined his cousin, John Hawkins, on a voyage to Africa. The two men started capturing people in Sierra Leone and selling them as slaves to Spanish settlers in the Caribbean. As it was illegal for the settlers to buy from foreigners, Hawkins and Drake soon came into conflict with the Spanish authorities.[br] His first command was in 1567 when he took part in a successful attack on Spanish ships in the port of San Juan de Ulua. He returned to Plymouth with gold and silver worth over £40,000. Drake, a committed Protestant, saw himself as an instrument of God in his crusade against Philip II and the Spanish Empire. This was followed by voyages to the West Indies and in 1572 he seized gold and silver in the Americas and the Atlantic.[br] With the secret sponsorship of Elizabeth I, Francis Walsingham and Christopher Hatton, Drake continued to attack Spanish treasure ships. In 1579 he rounded the Straits of Magellan, and was the captain of the first ship, the Golden Hind, to sail into the Pacific Ocean. In June, 1579, he landed in California. When Drake arrived in England in September 1580, he became the first Englishman to circumnavigate the world.[br] Drake return to England as a very wealthy man and he was able to purchase the Buckland Abbey estate. In 1581 Elizabeth I knighted Drake and later that year he was elected to the House of Commons.[br] Drake carried out a successful raid of the Spanish Caribbean (1584-85) and managed to rescue the remaining English colonists in Virginia and returned to Portsmouth in 1586. He also led the expedition which wrecked the Spanish fleet at Cadiz in 1587.[br] In July 1588 131 ships in the Spanish Armada left for England. The large Spanish galleons were filled with 17,000 well-armed soldiers and 180 Catholic priests. The plan was to sail to Dunkirk in France where the Armada would pick up another 16,000 Spanish soldiers. The plan was to sail to Dunkirk in France where the Armada would pick up another 16,000 Spanish soldiers that were under the command of Alessandro Farnese, the Duke of Parma.[br] On hearing the news Charles Howard of Effingham, Lord High Admiral, held a council-of-war. Lord Howard decided to divide the fleet into squadrons. Francis Drake, John Hawkins and Martin Frobisher were chosen as the three other commanders of the fleet.[br] Howard went in his flagship, the Ark Royal (800 tons and a crew of 250). Frobisher was given command of the largest ship in the fleet, the Triumpth (1,110 tons and a crew of 500 men) whereas Drake was the captain of the Revenge (500 tons and a crew of 250) and Hawkins was aboard the Victory (800 tons and a crew of 250).[br] Lord Howard decided that the Spanish Armada should be attacked at both ends of the crescent. The Ark Royal attacked the right wing and the Revenge and the Triumph attacked Juan Martinez, de Recalde, commander of the Biscayan squadron on the left. Recalde on board the San Juan de Portugal decided to come out and fight the English ships. He was followed by Gran Grin and the two ships soon got into trouble and had to be rescued by the Duke of Medina Sidonia on board the San Martin.[br] At the end of the first day’s fighting, only one ship was sunk. This was Spain’s San Salvador when a tremendous explosion tore out its stern castle and killed 200 members of the crew. It was later discovered that a gunner’s carelessness resulted in a spark reaching the gunpowder in the rear hold.[br] The following morning Francis Drake and the crew of Revenge captured the crippled Rosario. This included Admiral Pedro de Vales and all his crew. Drake also found 55,000 gold ducats on board.[br] That afternoon Medina Sidonia announced that if any Spanish ship broke formation the captain would be hanged immediately. He also told his captains that they must maintain a tight formation in order to prevent further attacks from the English ships. This decision meant that they could only move towards Dunkirk at the speed of the slowest ship.[br] Constantly harassed by the English ships the slow moving Spanish Armada eventually reached Calais without further loss. The English fleet now dropped anchor half a mile away. Soon afterwards they were joined by Lord Henry Seymour and his squadron of ships that had been controlling the seas off Dunkirk. This increased the English fleet by a third and was now similar in size to that of the Spanish fleet.[br] The Duke of Medina Sidonia now sent a message to the Duke of Parma in Dunkirk: "I am anchored here two leagues from Calais with the enemy’s fleet on my flank. They can cannonade me whenever they like, and I shall be unable to do them much harm in return." He asked Parma to send fifty ships to help him break out of Calais. Parma was unable to help as he had less than twenty ships and most of those were not yet ready to sail.[br] That night Medina Sidonia sent out a warning to his captains that he expected a fire-ship attack. This tactic had been successfully used by Francis Drake in Cadiz in 1587 and the fresh breeze blowing steadily from the English fleet towards Calais, meant the conditions were ideal for such an attack. He warned his captains not to panic and not to head out to the open sea. Medina Sidonia confidently told them that his patrol boats would be able to protect them from any fire-ship attack that took place.[br] Medina Sidonia had rightly calculated what would happen. Charles Howard and Francis Drake were already organizing the fire-ship attack. It was decided to use eight fairly large ships for the operation. All the masts and rigging were tarred and all the guns were left on board and were primed to go off of their own accord when the fire reached them. John Young, one of Drake’s men, was put in charge of the fire-ships.[br] Soon after midnight the eight ships were set fire to and sent on their way. The Spaniards were shocked by the size of the vessels. Nor had they expected the English to use as many as eight ships. The Spanish patrol ships were unable to act fast enough to deal with the problem. The Spanish captains also began to panic when the guns began exploding. They believed that the English were using hell-burners (ships crammed with gunpowder). This tactic had been used against the Spanish in 1585 during the siege of Antwerp when over a thousand men had been killed by exploding ships.[br] The fire-ships did not in fact cause any material damage to the Spanish ships at all. They drifted until they reached the beach where they continued to burn until the fire reached the water line. Medina Sidonia, on board the San Martin, had remained near his original anchorage. However, only a few captains had followed his orders and the vast majority had broken formation and sailed into the open sea.[br] At first light Medina Sidonia and his six remaining ships left Calais and attempted to catch up with the 130 ships strung out eastwards towards the Dunkirk sandbanks. Some Spanish ships had already been reached by the English fleet and were under heavy attack. San Lorenzo, a ship carrying 312 oarsmen, 134 sailors and 235 soldiers, was stranded on the beach and was about to be taken by the English.[br] With their formation broken, the Spanish ships were easy targets for the English ships loaded with guns that could fire very large cannon balls. The Spanish captains tried to get their ships in close so that their soldiers could board the English vessels. However, the English ships were quicker than the Spanish galleons and were able to keep their distance.[br] The battle of Gravelines continued all day. One of the most exciting contests was between Francis Drake in the Revenge and Duke of Medina Sidonia in the San Martin. Drake’s ship was hit several times before being replaced by Thomas Fenner in the Nonpareil and Edmund Sheffield in the White Bear, who continued the fight without success.[br] All over the area of sea between Gravelines and Dunkirk fights took place between English and Spanish ships. By late afternoon most ships were out of gunpowder. The Duke of Medina Sidonia was now forced to head north with what was left of the Spanish Armada. The English ships did not follow as Charles Howard of Effingham, Lord High Admiral, was convinced that most Spanish ships were so badly damaged they would probably sink before they reached a safe port.[br] That evening Francis Drake wrote to a friend: "God hath given us so good a day in forcing the enemy so far to leeward, as I hope in God the Duke of Parma and the Duke of Sidonia shall not shake hands this few days".[br] After the Armada rounded Scotland it headed south for home. However, a strong gale drove many of the ships onto the Irish rocks. Thousands of Spaniards drowned and even those who reached land were often killed by English soldiers and settlers. Of the 25,000 men that had set out in the Armada, less than 10,000 arrived home safely.[br] Drake led a disastrous attack on Portugal in 1589. He returned to England and became mayor of Plymouth in 1593. He went on another exhibition to the Caribbean in 1595 and the following year died of dysentery at Porto Bello.
