斯伯里 - 概述
斯伯里(R.W.Sperry，August 20, 1913—April 17, 1994.)，美國(guó)神經(jīng)心理學(xué)家，用測(cè)驗(yàn)的方法研究了裂腦病人的心理特征，證明大腦兩半球的功能具有顯著差異，提出兩個(gè)腦的概念。曾榮獲國(guó)家科學(xué)獎(jiǎng)，1960年當(dāng)選為國(guó)家科學(xué)院院土，1971年獲美國(guó)心理學(xué)會(huì)頒發(fā)的杰出科學(xué)貢獻(xiàn)獎(jiǎng)，1981年獲諾貝爾生理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)(又譯為：斯佩里)。
他把貓、猴子、猩猩聯(lián)結(jié)大腦兩半球的神經(jīng)纖維（最大的叫胼胝體）割斷，稱為“割裂腦”手術(shù)。這樣兩個(gè)半球的相互聯(lián)系被切斷，外界信息傳至大腦半球皮層的某一部分后，不能同時(shí)又將此信息通過(guò)橫向胼胝體纖維傳至對(duì)側(cè)皮層相對(duì)應(yīng)的部分。每個(gè)半球各自獨(dú)立地進(jìn)行活動(dòng)，彼此不能知道對(duì)側(cè)半球的活動(dòng)情況。這一手術(shù)于1940年由Van Wagenen 和Herren首先在臨床上對(duì)慢性頑固性癲癇病人使用，獲得較理想的療效，癲癇發(fā)作幾乎完全消失。1961年斯佩里設(shè)計(jì)了精巧和詳盡的測(cè)驗(yàn)，在作割裂腦手術(shù)的人恢復(fù)以后，進(jìn)行了神經(jīng)心理學(xué)的測(cè)定，獲得了人左右兩半球機(jī)能分工的第一手資料，發(fā)現(xiàn)兩半球機(jī)能的不對(duì)稱性（asymmetry），右半球也有言語(yǔ)功能，從而更新了優(yōu)勢(shì)半球的概念。裂腦人的每一個(gè)半球都有其獨(dú)自的感覺、知覺和意念，都能獨(dú)立地學(xué)習(xí)、記憶和理解，兩個(gè)半球都能被訓(xùn)練執(zhí)行同時(shí)發(fā)生的相互矛盾的任務(wù)。斯佩里的研究，深入地揭示了人的言語(yǔ)、思維和意識(shí)與兩個(gè)半球的關(guān)系，成績(jī)卓著，獲得了1981年度諾貝爾醫(yī)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。
斯伯里 - 奇特的裂腦人
有一種腦部疾患叫做“癲癇”，疾病大發(fā)作時(shí)病人會(huì)突然喪失意識(shí)，倒地，全身肌肉發(fā)生強(qiáng)烈的抽搐，并伴有咬舌、流涎、尿失禁等癥狀。美國(guó)諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)獲得者斯佩里為了醫(yī)治此病，將患者的連接大腦兩半球的主要神經(jīng)纖維“胼胝體”切斷，使一側(cè)大腦半球的病灶所產(chǎn)生的神經(jīng)電暴不能擴(kuò)散到另一半球去。手術(shù)后患者的病情得到了極大的改善，而且也未出現(xiàn)不良的后遺癥，如人格和智力的改變等等。然而經(jīng)過(guò)這樣手術(shù)的人，畢竟與常人有所不同了，他們實(shí)際上成了有兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的大腦的所謂“裂腦人”。
正常人的大腦也有兩個(gè)半球，但是由于胼胝體的連接，左、右兩個(gè)半球的信息可在瞬間進(jìn)行交流，因此，正常人的大腦是作為一個(gè)整體而起作用的。人們很早就知道大腦兩半球在機(jī)能上有分工，左半球感受并控制右邊的身體，右半球感受并控制左邊的身體。1861年，法國(guó)醫(yī)生布羅卡發(fā)現(xiàn)患有失語(yǔ)癥的病人，其大腦左半球顳葉有損傷。這個(gè)部位后來(lái)就被稱為“布羅卡”區(qū)，它涉及人的說(shuō)話功能，是運(yùn)動(dòng)性語(yǔ)言中樞。以后人們又繼續(xù)發(fā)現(xiàn)了左半球的其他一些部位與書寫、閱讀等功能有關(guān)，只有少數(shù)左利手(俗稱左撇子)的人語(yǔ)言中樞在右半球或分在兩個(gè)半球上。由于大多數(shù)人的語(yǔ)言中樞位于左半球，大腦左半球就被人們稱為優(yōu)勢(shì)半球。
從1961年開始，斯佩里等人對(duì)“裂腦人”長(zhǎng)時(shí)間進(jìn)行了一系列的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究。例如，在一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)中讓一個(gè)“裂腦人”坐在擋住他雙手的屏幕前，視線凝視屏幕中心的一點(diǎn)，然后在屏幕上用0．1秒的時(shí)間閃現(xiàn)“帽帶”這個(gè)詞(“帽”呈現(xiàn)在左半屏幕，“帶”呈現(xiàn)在右半屏幕)，由于呈現(xiàn)時(shí)間短得“裂腦人”的眼睛來(lái)不及移動(dòng)，“帽”就傳遞到了右半球，“帶”就傳遞到了左半球。當(dāng)要求“裂腦人”說(shuō)出他看到了什么時(shí)，他只回答說(shuō)看到了“帶”字。進(jìn)一步要求“裂腦人”說(shuō)出“帶”的種類，他只好猜測(cè)是“膠帶”、“音樂(lè)磁帶”、“捆人的帶子”等等。這表明語(yǔ)言中樞在左半球。如果在左半屏幕閃現(xiàn)一個(gè)物體的名稱，從而使這個(gè)詞傳遞到右半球，“裂腦人”雖然不能說(shuō)出物體的名稱，但能用左手從一堆他看不見的物體中選出這個(gè)物體。表明雖然右半球有一些語(yǔ)言的功能，但語(yǔ)言中樞位于左半球。
斯佩里的研究以及其他的一些研究表明，人的大腦兩半球存在著機(jī)能上的分工，對(duì)于大多數(shù)人來(lái)說(shuō)，左半球是處理語(yǔ)言信息的“優(yōu)勢(shì)半球”，它還能完成那些復(fù)雜、連續(xù)、有分析的活動(dòng)，以及熟練地進(jìn)行數(shù)學(xué)計(jì)算。右半球雖然是“非優(yōu)勢(shì)的”，但是它掌管空間知覺的能力，對(duì)非語(yǔ)言性的視覺圖像的感知和分析比左半球占優(yōu)勢(shì)。還有的研究表明，音樂(lè)和藝術(shù)能力以及情緒反應(yīng)等與右半球有更大的關(guān)系。對(duì)于正常人來(lái)說(shuō)，大腦兩半球雖然存在著機(jī)能上的分工，但是大腦始終是作為一個(gè)整體而工作的。
斯伯里 - 英文簡(jiǎn)介
左腦右腦 Cheung, Victoria
Roger W. Sperry – Autobiography
Birthplace and Family: Born August 20, 1913, in Hartford, Connecticut to Francis Bushnell and Florence Kraemer Sperry of Elmwood, a small suburb. Father was in banking; mother trained in business school and after dad’s death, when I was 11 years old, she became assistant to the principal in the local high school. One brother, Russell Loomis, a year younger, went into chemistry. I was married to Norma Gay Deupree, December 28, 1949. We have one son, Glenn Michael (Tad), born October 13, 1953 and one daughter, Janeth Hope, born August 18, 1963.
Education: My early schooling was in Elmwood, Connecticut and William Hall High School in West Hartford, Connecticut. I attended Oberlin College on a 4 year Amos C. Miller Scholarship. After receiving the AB in English in 1935, I stayed on 2 years more in Oberlin for an MA in Psychology, 1937, under Professor R. H. Stetson. I then took an additional third year at-large at Oberlin to prepare for a switch to Zoology for Ph.D. work under Professor Paul A. Weiss at the University of Chicago. After receiving the Ph.D. at Chicago in 1941, I did a year of postdoctoral research as a National Research Council Fellow at Harvard University under Professor Karl S. Lashley.
Professional positions: Biology research fellow, Harvard University, at Yerkes Laboratories of Primate Biology (1942-46); Assistant professor, Department of Anatomy, University of Chicago (1946-52); Associate professor of psychology, University of Chicago (1952-53); Section Chief, Neurological Diseases and Blindness, National Institutes of Health (1952-53); Hixon professor of psychobiology, California Institute of Technology (1954-present).
Awards and Honors: Amos C. Miller Scholarship, Oberlin College (1931-35); National Research Council Fellowship (1941-42); Distinguished Alumni Citation; Oberlin College (1954); Elected National Academy of Sciences (1960); Elected American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1963); Howard Crosby Warren Medal, Society of Experimental Psychologists (1969); Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award, American Psychological Association (1971); California Scientist of the Year Award (1972); Co-recipient William Thomson Wakeman Research Award, National Paraplegia Foundation (1972); Honorary Doctor of Science degree, Cambridge University (1972); Passano Award in Medical Science (1973); Elected American Philosophical Society (1974); Elected Honorary Member American Neurological Association (1974); Co-recipient Claude Bernard Science Journalism Award (1975); Karl Lashley Award of American Philosophical Society (1976); Elected Foreign Member of Royal Society (1976); Honorary Doctor of Science Degree, University of Chicago (1976); Elected member of Pontifical Academy of Sciences (1978); Honorary Doctor of Science Degree, Kenyon College (1979); Wolf Prize in Medicine (1979); Ralph Gerard Award of the Society of Neurosciences (1979); International Visual Literacy Association Special Award (1979); Albert Lasker Medical Research Award (1979); Honorary Doctor of Science Degree, The Rockefeller University (1980); American Academy of Achievement Golden Plate Award (1980)
A vocational and anti-brain-strain: Collected and raised large American moths in grade school. Ran trap line and collected live wild pets during junior high school years. Three-letter man in varsity athletics in high school and college. Through middle life continued evening and weekend diversionary activities including sculpture, ceramics, figure drawing, sports, American folk dance, boating, fishing, snorkeling, water colors, and collecting unusual fossils - among which we have a contender for the world’s 3rd largest ammonite.
Selected Bibliography
The problem of central nervous reorganization after nerve regeneration and muscle transposition. R.W. Sperry. Quart. Rev. Biol. 20:311-369 (1945).
Regulative factors in the orderly growth of neural circuits. R.W. Sperry. Growth Symp. 10: 63-67 (1951).
Cerebral organization and behavior. R.W. Sperry. Science 133:1749-1757 (1961).
Chemoaffinity in the orderly growth of nerve fiber patterns and connections. R.W. Sperry. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 50: 703-710 (1963).
Interhemispheric relationships: the neocortical commissures; syndromes of hemisphere disconnection. R.W. Sperry, M.S. Gazzaniga, and J.E. Bogen. In Handbook Clin. Neurol. P. J. Vinken and G.W. Bruyn (Eds.), Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co. 4: 273-290 (1969).
Lateral specialization in the surgically separated hemispheres. R.W. Sperry. In Neurosciences Third Study Program. F. Schmitt and F. Worden (Eds.), Cambridge: MIT Press 3:5-19 (1974).
Mind-brain interaction: mentalism, yes; dualism, no. R.W. Sperry. Neuroscience 5: 195-206 (1980). Reprinted in Commentaries in the Neurosciences. A.D. Smith, R. Llanas and P.G. Kostyuk (Eds.), Oxford: Pergamon Press, pp. 651-662 (1980).
Science and moral priority: merging mind, brain and human values. R.W. Sperry. Vol. 4 of Convergence, (Ser. ed. Ruth Anshen) New York: Columbia University Press (1982).
From Les Prix Nobel. The Nobel Prizes 1981, Editor Wilhelm Odelberg, 【Nobel Foundation】, Stockholm, 1982
This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and later published in the book series Les Prix Nobel/Nobel Lectures. The information is sometimes updated with an addendum submitted by the Laureate. To cite this document, always state the source as shown above.
Roger W. Sperry died on April 17, 1994.
